Table 1.

List of drugs targeting different ceramide biosynthesis pathways.

Pathway	Targets	Drugs	Reference
De novo synthesis	Serine palmitoyltransferase	Myriocin Fumifungin Lipoxamycin Hydroxylipoxamycin	[81] [86] [82]
	Ceramide synthase	Fumonisin B1	[5,87]
	Dihydroceramide desaturase 1	GT11 (C8-cyclopropenylceramide) XM462 (5-thiadihydroceramide) Fenretinide SKI II Celecoxib Resveratrol Curcumin Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)	[83] [84] [85]
Sphingomyelin hydrolysis	Neutral sphingomyelinase	Scyphostatin Spiroexpoxide Manumycin A Alutenusin Ubiquinol	[88] [89] [90] [91] [92]
Salvage pathway	Acid sphingomyelinase	KARI 201 ARC39 AD2765 SMA-7 α-mangostin Cowanol and Cowanin L-αphosphatidyl-D-myoinositol-3,5-biphosphate Phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate Fluoxetine Dextromethorphan Maprotilin Orphenadrine Nortriptyline Triflupromazine Sertraline	[93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [85] [98] [99] [100]