Table 1.

Major characteristics of the included studies.

No.	Study ID, Country [references]	No. of Patient	Age (Years), Gender	Confirmation of SARS-CoV-2	Past Medical History	Severity of COVID-19	Onset of Encephalitis from COVID-19 Presentation	Neurological and Psychiatric Symptoms	Type of Suspected or Confirmed Encephalitis	Outcome
1	Ahsan 2021, USA [20]	1	7, F	Serology test positive (IgG in serum)	Healthy	Asymptomatic	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection	1st admission: status epilepticus, aphasia, encephalopathy; 2nd admission: headache, encephalopathy, slurred speech, altered mental status	Autoimmune encephalitis	Discharged and follow-up confirmed recovery with mild dysarthria
2	Allahyari 2021, Iran [21]	1	18, F	RT-PCR positive	NR	NR	Initial presentation	Altered mental status, tonic-clonic seizures, confused state, minor meningismus, neck stiffness	Autoimmune encephalitis (SARS-CoV-2-mediated anti-NMDAR encephalitis)	Discharged with full recovery
3	Andrea 2020, Italy [22]	1	79, F	RT-PCR positive	Rheumatoid arthritis	Mild	Initial presentation	Confusion, somnolence, psychomotor retardation, and cephalea	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Complete recovery in 15 days
4	Ayatollahi 2020, Canada [23]	1	18, F	RT-PCR positive	NR	Mild	Initial presentation	Drowsiness and confusion, generalized tonic-clonic seizure, impaired orientation to time and place and recent memory	Autoimmune encephalitis	Near complete resolution of the claustrum hyperintensities following 1 month, no seizures following 7 weeks
5	Ayuningtyas 2022, Indonesia [24]	1	34, F	RT-PCR positive	Obese	Severe	Initial presentation	Reduced consciousness, altered mental status aggressive behavior, seizure, headache	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged with full recovery
6	Ayuso 2020, Spain [25]	1	72, F	RT-PCR positive	Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, depression, and smoking	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (after 8 days of discharge)	1st admission: delirium; 2nd admission: dizziness, oscillopsia, inattention, disorientation, unsteadiness, myoclonus, and ataxia	Autoimmune encephalitis (SARS-CoV-2-mediated Bickerstaff encephalitis)	Discharged; after 2 months, very mild unsteadiness was observed
7	Babar 2020, USA [26]	1	20, F	RT-PCR positive	Obesity and anxiety	Mild	Initial presentation	Acute altered mental status, confusion, ageusia, insomnia, hypervigilance, obsessive thinking, and urinary incontinence	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Near complete resolution of the neurological symptoms after 12 days of discharge
8	Benameur 2020, USA [27]	3	31, F	RT-PCR positive	Sickle cell disease	Severe	Initial presentation	Various neurologic manifestations including myoclonus, affected brainstem reflexes, and encephalopathy	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Died
			34, M		Hypertension		Initial presentation			NR
			64, M		Hypertension		Initial presentation			Discharged without major neurologic sequelae
9	Bernard-Valnet 2020, Switzerland [28]	2	64, F	RT-PCR positive	NR	Mild	Initial presentation	Tonic-clonic seizure, disorientation, strong attention deficit, verbal and motor perseverations and bilateral grasping, hyper-religiosity with mystic delusions, visual hallucinations, and non-convulsive status epilepticus	SARS-CoV-2-mediated meningoencephalitis	Resolution of her symptoms after 96 h of admission
			67, F	RT-PCR positive	NR	Mild	Initial presentation	Intense headache, drowsiness, confusion, motor perseverations, bilateral grasping, and aggressiveness	SARS-CoV-2-mediated meningoencephalitis	Discharged after 72 h without major neurologic symptoms
10	Bhavsar 2020, USA [29]	1	16, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Mild	Initial presentation	Initially intermittent headache; day 11: confusion, incoherent speech, seizure, and altered mental status, with inconsistent awareness of time and place	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged after day 15 with improved mental status
11	Bodro 2020, Spain [30]	2	25, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Initial presentation	Headache, left-side paresthesia and ipsilateral paresis, progressing to confusion and agitation	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Fully recovered within 2 days except for amnesia
			49, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Mild	Initial presentation	Anomic aphasia, disorientation, confusion, and agitation		Fully recovered within 3 days except for amnesia
12	Burr 2021, USA [31]	1	23 months, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Initial presentation	Initial: fussiness, poor sleep; day 9: seizure, hyperkinetic movements, and mood lability	Autoimmune encephalitis (SARS-CoV-2-mediated anti-NMDAR encephalitis)	Discharged and fully recovered after 2 weeks
13	Cao 2020, France [32]	5	49, M	RT-PCR positive	Rheumatoid purpura	Severe	Initial presentation	Headache and anosmia	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Improvement after 6 days of immunotherapy
			56, M	RT-PCR positive	Hypertension	Severe	Initial presentation			Improvement after 2 days of immunotherapy
			61, M	RT-PCR positive	Pulmonary sarcoidosis and thrombocytopenia	Severe	Initial presentation			Improvement after 7 days of immunotherapy
			37, M	RT-PCR positive	Obesity	Severe	Initial presentation			Died
			77, F	RT-PCR positive	Obesity, hypertension and asthma	Severe	Initial presentation			Vegetative state
14	Casez 2021, France [33]	1	96, F	RT-PCR positive	NR	NR	Initial presentation	At onset: anosmia, dysgeusia; day 3: generalized epileptic seizures, and left hemiparesis	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	NR
15	Chalil 2020, Canada [34]	1	48, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Severe	Initial presentation	Altered mental status	SARS-CoV-2-mediated acute hemorrhagic encephalitis	During the report, she was undergoing rehabilitation
16	Cheraghali 2021, Iran [35]	1	34 months, child	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Initial presentation	Tonic-clonic seizures, and loss of consciousness	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged with decerebrate posture
17	Dahshan 2022, Egypt [36]	1	67, M	RT-PCR positive	Hypertension	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (8 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Acute confusion state, behavioral changes, agitation, and one attack of loss of consciousness	Autoimmune encephalitis	Discharged with full recovery
18	Dono 2021, Italy [37]	1	81, M	RT-PCR positive	Mild hypertension	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (on day 14 during her hospitalization for COVID-19 infection)	Since day 14: mild confusion with fluctuation of the mental status; day 16: myoclonic jerks and non-convulsive status epilepticus with coma	Suspected autoimmune encephalitis	Died
19	Duong 2020 and Huang 2020, USA [38,39]	1	41, F	RT-PCR positive	T2DM and obesity	NR	Initial presentation	Seizure, lethargy, disorientation, agitation, and hallucination	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Mental status improved by hospital day 12
20	Durovic 2021, Germany [40]	1	22, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (10 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Severe headache, neck stiffness, general weakness, and a loss of smell and taste	Autoimmune encephalitis	Discharged with full recovery
21	Efe 2020, Turkey [41]	1	35, F	RT-PCR positive	NR	NR	Initial presentation	Headache, nausea, dizziness, and drug-refractory seizures	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	NR
22	El Aoud 2021, France [42]	1	60, M	Serology test positive	Dyslipidemia	Mild	Initial presentation	Headache, disturbance of consciousness, and vertigo	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged and recovered after 1 month
23	Elmouhib 2022, Morocco [43]	1	54, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Severe	Initial presentation	Altered mental state, dyspnea, altered consciousness	SARS-CoV-2-mediated autoimmune limbic encephalitis	Discharged with improved state
24	Esmaeili 2022, Iran [44]	1	67, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Severe	Initial presentation	Drowsiness, decreased level of consciousness, deep tendon reflexes were brisk, and plantar reflexes were upward	Acute disseminated encephalitis	Died
25	Etemadifar 2020, Iran [45]	1	51, M	RT-PCR positive	Hypothyroidism and migraine	Mild	Initial presentation	For 3 days, episodic headache, nausea, and drowsiness, and generalized tonic-clonic seizure	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Died
26	Ferdosian 2021, Iran [46]	1	7, M	RT-PCR positive	Controlled seizures	Mild	Initial presentation	Loss of consciousness, inability to speak	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged with supportive treatment
27	Freire-Álvarez 2020, Spain [47]	1	39, M	RT-PCR positive	NR	Mild	Initial presentation	Drowsiness, mental disorientation, inconsistent language disorder, and headache	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Following intravenous immunoglobulins and cytokine blockade with IL-6 receptor antagonist, the patient fully recovered after 30 days from admission
28	Gaughan 2021, Ireland [48]	1	16, F	RT-PCR positive	Mild learning disability	Asymptomatic	Initial presentation	Visual and auditory hallucinations, cognitive difficulties, and high-frequency tremor	Autoimmune encephalitis	Discharged; at six months, showed significant improvements
29	Ghosh 2020, India [49]	1	44, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Initial presentation	For 10 days: hypogeusia, hyposmia; then, confusion, disorientation, cognitive disorders, apraxia; then, tonic-clonic seizure and coma	SARS-CoV-2-mediated AHNE	Died
30	Grimaldi 2020, France [50]	1	72, M	RT-PCR positive	Transient global amnesia	Mild	Initial presentation	Since day 17: action tremor, ataxia, dysarthria, and upper limb dysmetria and myoclonus	Autoimmune encephalitis	Improved and discharged at day 37
31	Gunawardhana 2021, Sri Lanka [51]	1	47, F	RT-PCR positive	Uncomplicated T2DM	Mild	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Confusion and abnormal behavior, seizures, status epilepticus	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged to home with only minor residual cognitive deficits
32	Haider 2020, USA [52]	1	66, M	RT-PCR positive	Benign prostatic hypertrophy, fatty liver disease, and hypertension	NR	Initial presentation	Seizure; impaired orientation to time, place, and person; and persistent confusion	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Two months post-discharge, the patient showed significant improvements following rituximab
33	Hassan 2021, Pakistan [53]	1	58, M	RT-PCR positive	Hypertension	Severe	Initial presentation	Acute chorea	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged
34	Hayashi 2020, Japan [54]	1	75, M	RT-PCR positive	Mild Alzheimer’s disease	Severe	Initial presentation	Left-dominant kinetic tremor in hands, alerted consciousness, dysmetria, ataxia, disorientation, and mild gait disturbance	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Died
35	Kahwagi 2021, Senegal [55]	1	7, F	RT-PCR positive	NR	Mild	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (On day 6 during her hospitalization)	Initial: headache; day 6: generalized tonic-clonic seizures; day 9: gait and behavioral disturbance, confusional syndrome, osteotendinous, and hyperreflexia	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Complete recovery over the follow-up of 2 months
36	Kamal 2020, United Arab Emirates [56]	1	31, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Mild	Initial presentation	Day 3, behavioral disturbance; day 5: altered mental state, acute behavioral changes, severe confusion, fluctuations in the level of consciousness, and drowsiness	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged; further follow-up confirmed good condition
37	Kasturiarachi 2022, USA [57]	1	19, F	RT-PCR positive	Menorrhagia, learning disability, and remote suicidal ideation	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (recent infection)	Headaches, vomiting, and psychosis, left gaze deviation and right hemiplegia, unable to follow commands or open her eyes spontaneously, seizures, hyperreflexia in the right upper and lower extremities, no hyperkinetic movements	Sjogren’s-associated encephalitis	Discharged with improved mental status but needed to be monitored closely as an outpatient
38	Khoo 2020, UK [58]	1	65, F	RT-PCR positive	Alzheimer’s disease, osteoarthritis, and gastro-esophageal reflex disease	Mild	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (2 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Week 2: widespread involuntary movements, diplopia, cognitive decline, speaking difficulties, increasing confusion; at entry: myoclonus, ocular movement disorder, aphasia, and perseveration	Autoimmune encephalitis	Discharged with improved neurological symptoms; back to baseline after 1 month from onset
39	Kimura 2021, Japan [59]	1	68, F	RT-PCR positive	Hypertension	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (2 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Her eyes were fixed in position and complete flaccid paralysis with diminished tendon reflexes in all extremities; no pathological reflex	Autoimmune encephalitis (SARS-CoV-2-mediated Bickerstaff encephalitis)	Discharged with residual double vision and bilateral disturbance in abduction
40	Koh 2022, Republic of Korea [60]	1	20, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Moderate	Initial presentation	Tonic-clonic seizure On her left face and arm, drowsy mentality, personality change, dizziness, and somnolence	Suspected autoimmune encephalitis	Discharged with near-complete recovery
41	Kumar 2020, India [61]	1	35, M	RT-PCR positive	Headache	NR	Initial presentation	10 days before: headache; at entry: coma	SARS-CoV-2-mediated ANE	Died
42	Kumar 2022, India [62]	1	9 days, neonate	RT-PCR positive	Respiratory distress, hypoxia	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (MRI done after 42 days of illness)	Generalized hypotonia generalized seizures	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged with tachypnoea without hypoxia
43	Marques 2022, Portugal [63]	2	49, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (6 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Altered mental status, lethargic, not oriented to time and place, could not follow commands, neck rigidity, amnesia	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Two months post discharge, she was doing well, with no neurological signs and symptoms
			50, F	RT-PCR positive	Depression	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (8 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Restless, sometimes physically aggressive, mutism		Three months post discharge, she was doing well with no neurological signs and symptoms
44	McAbee 2020, USA [11]	1	11, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Asymptomatic	Initial presentation	Status epilepticus	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Recovered within 6 days
45	Mekheal 2022, USA [64]	1	88, F	NR	Hypertension	NR	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (2 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Right leg weakness, dysarthria, altered mental status	Autoimmune encephalitis	NR
46	Meshref 2021, Egypt [65]	1	66, F	RT-PCR positive	Chronic bronchitis and ischemic heart disease	NR	Initial presentation	Delirious state, confusion, fluctuant conscious level, and disorientation	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged home with full consciousness, no neurological deficits
47	Mierzewska-Schmidt 2022, Poland [66]	1	2 months, Boy	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Initial presentation	Irritability, nystagmus, agitation then apathy	SARS-CoV-2-mediated AHNE	The baby showed signs of brain death
48	Miqdad 2021, Saudi Arabia [67]	1	36, M	RT-PCR positive	Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency	NR	Initial presentation	Cognitive impairment and decreased responsiveness	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged home with regular follow-up in the neurology clinic
49	Monti 2020, Italy [68]	1	50, M	RT-PCR positive	Mild hypertension	Asymptomatic	Initial presentation	Confabulations and delirious ideas; day 4: impaired awareness and status epilepticus	Autoimmune encephalitis	Discharged after 4 months of hospitalization without neurological deficits
50	Moriguchi 2020, Japan [17]	1	24, M	RT-PCR positive	NR	Mild	Initial presentation	Headache, consciousness disturbance, generalized seizures, and status epilepticus	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	NR
51	Morvan 2020, France [69]	1	56, M	RT-PCR positive	Malnutrition, renal lithiasis with left renal abscess and Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infection	NR	Initial presentation	Coma	SARS-CoV-2-mediated ANE	Died
52	Mullaguri 2021, USA [70]	2	77, F	RT-PCR positive	Parkinson’s disease, cognitive impairment, and hypertension	Severe	Initial presentation	Oriented to self but not to place or time	SARS-CoV-2-mediated AHNE	Died
			68, F	RT-PCR positive	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hypertension	Severe	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (5 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Comatose, persistent severe encephalopathy		Died
53	Natarajan 2020, India [10]	1	13, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Mild	Initial presentation	Headache and generalized tonic-clonic seizure	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged home in a normal neurological state
54	Oosthuizen 2021, South Africa [71]	1	52, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Initial presentation	Multidirectional gaze-evoked nystagmus, dysarthria, and truncal and appendicular ataxia	SARS-CoV-2 mediated encephalitis	Discharged while walking independently, mild emotional lability persisted
55	Orsini 2021, Brazil [72]	1	52, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Severe	Initial presentation	Intense agitation, cognitive impairment, tonic-clonic seizure	SARS-CoV-2 mediated encephalitis	Died
56	Panariello 2020, Ecuador [73]	1	23, M	NR	Healthy	Moderate	Initial presentation	Psychomotor agitation, anxiety, thought disorganization, persecutory delusions, dyskinesias and auditory hallucinations	Autoimmune encephalitis	Clinical condition improved
57	Picod 2020, France [74]	1	58, F	Serology test positive	Hypertension and chronic kidney disease	Asymptomatic	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection	Clonic seizure, aphasia, right-side hemiparesis, coma, and myoclonus	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged from intensive care unit on day 17, with mild short-term memory impairment
58	Pilotto 2020, Italy [75]	1	60, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Mild	Initial presentation	First 5 days: irritability, confusion, and asthenia; day 4–5: cognitive fluctuation, at entry: severe akinetic syndrome, mutism, and inhibited, archaic reflexes	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged with normal neurological features
59	Pizzanelli 2021, Italy [76]	1	74, F	RT-PCR positive	Mild hypothyroidism	Severe	Initial presentation	Day 13: mild confusion and brief episode of impaired awareness; day 14: generalized tonic-clonic seizure	SARS-CoV-2-mediated autoimmune limbic encephalitis	Discharged on day 35
60	Poursadeghfard 2021, Iran [77]	1	18, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Initial presentation	Blurred vision, drowsy	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	NR
61	Rebeiz 2020, USA [78]	1	30 s, M	RT-PCR positive	History of alcohol abuse	Asymptomatic	Initial presentation	1st admission: confusion, behavioral changes, psychotic features including hallucinations; 2nd admission: worsened mental status, non-verbal, progressive neurological deterioration, and seizures	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Died
62	Reddy 2021, USA [79]	1	22, F	RT-PCR positive	Infantile seizures	Asymptomatic	Initial presentation	2 days of headache; at entry: acute altered mental status; while hospitalized: status epilepticus	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Died
63	Sangare 2020, France [80]	1	56, M	RT-PCR positive	Hypertension	Severe	Initial presentation	Vegetative state	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged after 5.5 months, with mild attention deficit disorder
64	Sarmast 2022, Pakistan [81]	1	63, F	RT-PCR positive	Hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus	NR	Initial presentation	Confusion accompanied by restlessness, fearfulness, and visual hallucinations. She was anxious, agitated, and aggressive. Altered level of consciousness, slight tremors of the limbs, and psychomotor restlessness	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Two weeks post discharge, she was doing well, with no neurological signs and symptoms
65	Sattar 2020, Pakistan [82]	1	44, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Moderate	Initial presentation	Day 20: generalized tonic-clonic seizures and confusion	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged on day 34 with normal neurological state
66	Sharma 2022, USA [83]	3	43, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Mild	Initial presentation	Bitemporal headache, tonic-clonic seizures,	Self-limiting hemorrhagic encephalitis	Discharged with occasional headaches
			43, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Severe	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (5 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Non-verbal, and had an episode of rapid eye fluttering and gaze deviation, acute respiratory distress syndrome	Self-limiting leukoencephalopathy	Discharged but complained about recurrent headaches
			52, M	RT-PCR positive	Diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia	Severe	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (3 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Bifrontal headache, blurred vision, left- and right-sided ptosis, ischemic third and sixth nerve palsy	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged with assistance. No light perception in the left eye with complete ophthalmoplegia, intact vision in the right eye with ptosis
67	Sofijanova 2020, Republic of Macedonia [84]	1	9 months, infant	RT-PCR positive	NR	Severe	Initial presentation	Tonic-clonic seizures, disturbed consciousness, shortness of breath, weakened reaction to painful stimuli	NR	NR
68	Svedung Wettervik 2020, Sweden [85]	1	40′s, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Severe	Initial presentation	Coma	SARS-CoV-2-mediated AHLE	After TPE treatment for 5 days, patient showed clinical and biochemical improvements
69	Tee 2022, Malaysia [86]	1	69, M	RT-PCR positive	Hypertension and atrial fibrillation	NR	Initial presentation	Altered behavior	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Subsequently remained well, with no neurological sequelae
70	Urso 2022, Italy [87]	1	5, F	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	NR	Initial presentation	Neck swelling, right latero-cervical and painful lymphadenopathy, altered mental status, and drowsiness	SARS-CoV-2-mediated encephalitis	Discharged when COVID-19 test came back negative
71	Valadez-Calderon 2022, Mexico [88]	1	28, M	NR	No history of chronic disease	Mild	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (2 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection)	Incoherent speech, somnolence, auditory hallucinations, suicidal ideation, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures	Autoimmune encephalitis (anti-NMDAR and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 co-expression)	Discharged home, but after six weeks-follow-up, he continues physical rehabilitation and presents neurological sequelae related to mood changes, irritability, and agitation episodes
72	Vandervorst 2020, Belgium [89]	1	29, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Moderate	Initial presentation	Confusion, disorientation in time and space, immediate and short-term memory deficits, concentration and attention difficulties, anxiety, paranoid delusions, followed by dysgeusia and anosmia	Suspected SARS-CoV-2-associated encephalitis	Improved during hospitalization
73	Woldie 2020, Canada [90]	1	24, M	RT-PCR positive	AIHA	Severe	Post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (one week later at his follow-up appointment)	Persistent headache, decreased level of consciousness, and seizure activity.	SARS-CoV-2-mediated ANE	Died
74	Ye 2020, China [91]	1	NR, M	RT-PCR positive	NR	Moderate	Initial presentation	Confusion, altered consciousness	SARS-CoV-2 associated encephalitis	Discharged with cleared consciousness
75	Zambreanu 2020, UK [92]	1	66, F	RT-PCR positive	NR	Mild	Initial presentation	Confusion, seizure, disoriented to time and place, amnestic and mild word-finding difficulties	Limbic encephalitis	Neurological recovery
76	Zandifar 2020, Iran [93]	2	49, M	Not performed	NR	Severe	Initial presentation	Seizures; disorientation to place, time, and persons; and decrease of consciousness	Suspected SARS-CoV-2 associated encephalitis	Died
			39, M	RT-PCR positive		Moderate		Disoriented, agitated headache, tonic seizure, decreased consciousness and non-responsive verbal or painful commands	SARS-CoV-2 associated encephalitis
77	Zanin 2021, Italy [12]	1	47, M	RT-PCR positive	Healthy	Mild	Initial presentation	Intense headache, epileptic seizures	SARS-CoV-2 associated encephalitis	Died
78	Zuhorn 2020, Germany [94]	1	54, M	RT-PCR positive	Arterial hypertension, obesity (BMI 34 kg/m2), obstructive sleep apnea syndrome	Moderate	Initial presentation	Aggressiveness, Disorientation, and stupor	Parainfectious encephalitis	Recovered and was discharged with only mild cognitive impairment

Abbreviations: NR: not reported, M: male, F: female, T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus, AHLE: acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, AIHA: autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), TPA: tissue plasminogen activator, AHNE: acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis, ANE: acute necrotizing encephalitis.