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. 2022 Aug 11;16:982760. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2022.982760

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Copyright © 2022 Bonanno, Cavalcante, Salvi, Giagnorio, Malacarne, Cattaneo, Andreetta, Venerando, Pensato, Gellera, Zanin, Arnoldi, Dosi, Mantegazza, Masson, Maggi and Marcuzzo.

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Levels of cytokines in the serum of pediatric and adult spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients. The concentration (pg/ml) of (A) IL-21, (B) IL-22, (C) IL-23, (D) IL-31, and (E) IL-33 was measured in the serum of pediatric (Ped.; circle, N = 21) and adult (Ad.; square, N = 12) SMA patients at baseline (T0 black) and after 6 months of nusinersen treatment (T6 white), and in healthy controls (gray triangle) by multiplex immunoassay. Data in the graphs are reported as mean ± SEM for each sample group. The before-after graphs contains the mean cytokine concentration obtained for each patient in the duplicate multiplex immunoassays reactions before and after 6 months of nusinersen treatment (T0 and T6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, p < 0.0001*** by Mann–Whitney test.