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. 2022 Aug 11;16:982760. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2022.982760

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Copyright © 2022 Bonanno, Cavalcante, Salvi, Giagnorio, Malacarne, Cattaneo, Andreetta, Venerando, Pensato, Gellera, Zanin, Arnoldi, Dosi, Mantegazza, Masson, Maggi and Marcuzzo.

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Levels of cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of pediatric and adult spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients. The concentration (pg/ml) of levels of (A) IFN-γ, (B) TNF-α, (C) IL-17A, and (D) IL-17F were measured in the serum of pediatric (Ped.; circle, N = 21) and adult (Ad.; square, N = 13) SMA patients at baseline (T0 black) and after 6 months of nusinersen treatment (T6 white), and in healthy controls (Ad. CTR; gray triangle) by multiplex immuno assay. Data in the graphs are reported as mean ± SEM for each sample group. The before-after graphs contains the mean cytokine concentration obtained for each patient in the duplicate multiplex immunoassays reactions before and after 6 months of nusinersen treatment (T0 and T6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, p < 0.0001*** by Mann–Whitney test.