Figure 2.

Urolithin A is metabolized by podocytes. Podocytes cultured for 7 d in normal (5.5 mM, NG) or high (25 mM, HG) glucose were incubated with 10 µM UA for the indicated time periods. At time 0, concentration of UA aglycone was 10 µM (100%). The presence of urolithin and its glucuronide in the culture medium was assessed using HPLC-DAD-MS/MS after 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h of incubation (A). Calculated results (B,C) show percentage of free aglycone detected in culture media and are expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments performed in duplicate. The Student’s t-test was used to calculate p values. * p < 0.01 24 h vs. 12 h, ** p < 0.003 48 h vs. 12 h. AU: arbitrary units; ns: not significant.