Table 2.
Brain tumor types and their underlying genetic and epigenetic alterations [33,52,89,90,106,107,108].
| SN. | Brain and CNS Tumor Types | Key Genes and Protein Alterations for Tumor |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Astrocytoma Grade I: Pilocytic Astrocytoma | BRAF, NF1, KIAA1549-BRAF |
| 2 | Astrocytoma Grade II: Low-grade Astrocytoma | EGFR1, BRAF |
| 3 | Astrocytoma Grade III: Anaplastic Astrocytoma | IDH1/2, TP53, ATRX, CDKN2A/B |
| 4 | Astrocytoma Grade IV: Glioblastoma (GBM) | IDH1/2, TERT, chromosomes 7/10, EGFR |
| 5 | Oligodendroglioma | IDH1/2, TERT promoter, 1p/19q, NOTCH1, FUBP1, CIC |
| 6 | Angiocentric glioma | MYB |
| 7 | Diffuse astrocytoma | MYB, MYBL1 |
| 8 | Medulloblastoma | TP53, CTNNB1, PTCH1, APC, SUFU, GLI2, SMO, MYC, MYCN, PRDM6, KDM6A. |
| 9 | Meningiomas | NF2, TRAF7, AKT1, PIK3CA; SMO, SMARCE1, KLF4, BAP1 in subtypes; H3K27me3; TERT, CDKN2A/B in CNS WHO grade 3 |
| 10 | Retinoblastoma | Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein |
| 11 | Ependymomas | ZFTA, YAP1, RELA, MAML2, H3 K27me3, NF1, NF2, EZHIP, MYCN, KMT2D, RELA, FANCE, and EP300 |
| 12 | Primitive neuroectodermal tumors | Isochrome (17q) |
| 13 | Astroblastoma | MN1 |
| 14 | Chordoid glioma | PRKCA |
| 15 | Ganglion cell tumors | BRAF |
| 16 | Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor | BRAF, FGFR family |
| 17 | Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered | TP53, H3 K27, PDGFRA, EGFR, ACVR1, EZHIP |
| 18 | Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant | TP53, H3 G34, ATRX |
| 19 | Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade glioma | IDH-wildtype, H3-wildtype, MYCN, PDGFRA, EGFR |
| 20 | Infant-type hemispheric glioma | NTRK family, ROS, ALK, MET |
| 21 | High-grade astrocytoma with piloid features | ATRX, BRAF, CDKN2A/B (methylome), NF1 |
| 22 | Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma | CDKN2A/B, BRAF |
| 23 | Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma | TSC1, TSC2 |
| 24 | Solitary fibrous tumor | NAB2-STAT6 |
| 25 | Meningeal melanocytic tumors | NRAS (diffuse), GNA11, GNAQ, CYSLTR2, PLCB4 |
| 26 | Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor | SMARCA4, SMARCB1 |
| 27 | Embryonal tumor with multi-layered rosettes | C19MC, DICER1 |
| 28 | Glioneuronal tumor | NF1, PDFGRA, PRKCA, FGFR1, PIK3CA, KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, 1p, Chromosome 14 |
| 29 | Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma | PTEN |
| 30 | Extraventricular neurocytoma | IDH-wildtype, FGFR (FGFR1-TACC1 fusion) |
| 31 | Multi-nodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor | MAPK pathway |
| 32 | Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor | FGFR1 |
| 33 | CNS neuroblastoma | FOXR2, BCOR |
| 34 | Desmoplastic myxoid tumor of the pineal region | SMARCB1 |
BRAF: proto-oncogene B-Raf, NF1: neurofibromin 1, FGER: fibroblast growth factor receptors, EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor, IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase, ATRX: alpha thalassemia X-linked mental retardation, TP53: tumor protein53, CDKN2A/B: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B, TERT: telomerase reverse transcriptase, CIC: capicua transcriptional repressor, FUBP1: far upstream element binding protein 1, NOTCH1: notch homolog 1, MYB: myeloblastosis, MYBL1: MYB like1, CTNNB1: catenin beta-1, APC: adenomatous polyposis coli, PTCH1: protein patched homolog 1, SUFU: suppressor of fused protein, SMO: smoothened, AKT1: threonine kinase 1, TRAF7: TNF receptor associated factor 7, ZFTA: zinc finger translocation associated, YAP1: yes-associated protein 1, MAML2: mastermind-like transcriptional coactivator 2, H3: histone3, EZHIP: EZH inhibitory protein, KMT2D: lysine methyltransferase 2D, FANCE: FA complementation group E, MN1: meningioma, PRKCA: protein kinase C alpha, ACVR1: activin A receptor type 1, PDGFRA: platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, NTRK: neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase, ALK: anaplastic lymphoma kinase, MET: mesenchymal epithelial transition, TSC: tuberous sclerosis, STAT6: signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, NRAS: neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog, GNAQ: G protein subunit alpha Q, GNA11: G protein subunit alpha 11, PLCB4: phospholipase C beta 4, CYSLTR2: cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2, SMARCB: SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator Of chromatin, subfamily B C19MC: chromosome 19 miRNA cluster, DICER1: dicer 1, ribonuclease III, PRKCA: protein kinase C alpha, PTEN: phosphatase tensin homologue, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, FOXR2: forkhead Box R2, BCOR: BCL6 corepressor.