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. 2022 Aug 11;11(16):2491. doi: 10.3390/cells11162491

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of EVs derived from different stages of BMSC osteogenesis on naïve hBMSC proliferation, viability and apoptosis. (A) For proliferation analysis, naïve hBMSCs were stimulated for 3 days with the different EV groups or PBS (no EVs) in medium containing 1% EV-depleted FCS; n = 6–7. Analysis of viability (B) and apoptosis (C) of naïve hBMSCs after stimulation for 3 days with the different EV groups or PBS (no EVs) in medium containing 1% EVs-depleted FCS; n = 6–7. Results were calculated as percentage to the control group (no EVs, shown by the dotted line); * p < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used when no EVs group was set to 100%, and two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare differences between different EV-treated groups.