Table 2.
Multivariate COX regression of the prognostic factors of LCSS in patients without LN metastasis (N = 12,927) and with LN metastasis (N = 2,007).
| Clinical parameters | T1 size & No lymph node metastasis |
T1 size & With lymph node metastasis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p Value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p Value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| Female | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.61–0.74) | 0.002 | 0.79 (0.69–0.92) |
| Race | ||||
| White | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| Black | 0.219 | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 0.079 | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) |
| Other | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.54–0.82) | 0.050 | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) |
| Location | ||||
| Upper lobe | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| Middle lobe | 0.864 | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 0.848 | 0.97 (0.74–1.29) |
| Lower lobe | 0.983 | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 0.926 | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) |
| Other | 0.323 | 0.80 (0.51–1.25) | 0.738 | 0.91 (0.54–1.56) |
| Grade | ||||
| Grade I | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| Grade II | <0.001 | 2.33 (2.01–2.70) | 0.034 | 1.35 (1.02–1.78) |
| Grade III | <0.001 | 3.16 (2.71–3.69) | 0.001 | 1.58 (1.20–2.09) |
| Grade IV | <0.001 | 3.02 (2.08–4.41) | 0.074 | 1.67 (0.95–2.92) |
| Histology | ||||
| AC | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| SCC | 0.029 | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 0.817 | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) |
| Other | 0.294 | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) | 0.340 | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) |
| Surgery type | ||||
| Sublobar resection | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| Lobectomy | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.58–0.78) | 0.578 | 0.92 (0.70–1.22) |
| Extended lobectomy | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.51–0.62) | 0.073 | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) |
| Pneumonectomy | 0.962 | 0.99 (0.61–1.61) | 0.998 | 1.00 (0.64–1.56) |
| Radiation | ||||
| Yes | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| No | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.40–0.62) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.55–0.77) |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| Yes | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| No/Unknown | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.60–0.89) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.14–1.56) |
| Size | ||||
| T1a | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| T1b | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.10–1.57) | 0.741 | 0.95 (0.68–1.31) |
| T1c | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.46–2.11) | 0.867 | 1.03 (0.74–1.42) |
| Marriage | ||||
| Married | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| Divorce | 0.002 | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | 0.423 | 1.09 (0.88–1.34) |
| Other | 0.002 | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) | 0.215 | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) |
| Age | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) |
| VPI state | ||||
| PL0 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 |
| PL1 | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.14–1.57) | 0.329 | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) |
| PL2 | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.28–1.80) | 0.718 | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) |
Abbreviations: AC, adenocarcinoma; LCSS, lung cancer specific survival; LN, lymph node; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; VPI, visceral pleural invasion.
T1 size = tumor size ≤3 cm; T1a = tumor size ≤1 cm; T1b = tumor size between 1 and 2 cm; T1c = tumor size between 2 and 3 cm.