Table 2.
Comparison on the clinical and radiographic characteristics between AIS-MIA and IAC in the derivation, internal validation, and external validation sets.
| Characteristics | Derivation set (n =735) | p value | Internal validation set (n = 315) | p value | External validation set (n = 198) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AIS-MIA group (n = 383) | IAC group (n = 352) | AIS-MIA group (n = 164) | IAC group (n = 151) | AIS-MIA group (n = 104) | IAC group (n = 94) | ||||
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 52.47 ± 11.18 | 56.23 ± 10.24 | 0.000a | 52.31 ± 12.62 | 55.64 ± 10.88 | 0.016a | 52.21 ± 12.89 | 58.99 ± 10.19 | 0.000a |
| Sex (Men/Women) | 101 (26.4)/282 (73.6) | 126 (35.8)/226 (64.2) | 0.006b | 51 (31.1)/113 (68.9) | 50 (33.1)/101 (66.9) | 0.702b | 27 (26.0)/77 (74.0) | 31 (33.0)/63 (67.0) | 0.279b |
| Smoking history (Yes/No) | 34 (8.9)/349 (91.1) | 55 (15.6)/297 (84.4) | 0.005b | 11 (6.7)/153 (93.3) | 25 (16.6)/126 (83.4) | 0.006b | 8 (7.7)/96 (92.3) | 12 (12.8)/82 (87.2) | 0.237b |
| CEA (ng/ml) | 1.81 ± 1.14 | 2.12 ± 1.40 | 0.003a | 1.97 ± 1.75 | 2.20 ± 1.41 | 0.017a | 1.83 ± 1.04 | 2.23 ± 1.45 | 0.025a |
| History of COPD (Yes/No) | 21 (5.5)/362 (94.5) | 29 (8.2)/323 (91.8) | 0.138b | 6 (3.7)/158 (96.3) | 12 (7.9)/139 (92.1) | 0.101b | 4 (3.8)/100 (96.2) | 5 (5.3)/89 (94.7) | 0.877b |
| History of other cancers (Yes/No) | 20 (5.2)/363 (94.8) | 33 (9.4)/319 (90.6) | 0.030b | 7 (4.3)/157 (95.7) | 14 (9.3)/137 (90.7) | 0.075b | 7 (6.7)/97 (93.3) | 9 (9.6)/85 (90.4) | 0.463b |
| Family history of lung cancer (Yes/No) | 20 (5.2)/363 (94.8) | 14 (4.0)/338 (96.0) | 0.422b | 7 (4.3)/157 (95.7) | 8 (5.3)/143 (94.7) | 0.668b | 6 (5.8)/98 (94.2) | 8 (8.5)/86 (91.5) | 0.452b |
| Radiographic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Lesion location | 0.571b | 0.217b | 0.200b | ||||||
| Right upper lobe | 148 (38.6) | 123 (34.9) | 64 (39.0) | 53 (35.1) | 27 (26.0) | 34 (36.2) | |||
| Right middle lobe | 25 (6.5) | 25 (7.1) | 7 (4.3) | 15 (9.9) | 10 (9.6) | 7 (7.4) | |||
| Right lower lobe | 58 (15.1) | 61 (17.3) | 28 (17.1) | 21 (13.9) | 21 (20.2) | 9 (9.6) | |||
| Left upper lobe | 99 (25.9) | 83 (23.6) | 47 (28.7) | 39 (25.8) | 31 (29.8) | 32 (34.0) | |||
| Left lower lobe | 53 (13.9) | 60 (17.1) | 18 (10.9) | 23 (15.3) | 15 (14.4) | 12 (12.8) | |||
| Maximum diameter (cm) | 1.09 ± 0.38 | 1.42 ± 0.42 | 0.000a | 1.08 ± 0.34 | 1.45 ± 0.44 | 0.000a | 0.99 ± 0.26 | 1.42 ± 0.43 | 0.000a |
| Maximum diameter of the solid component (cm) | 0.26 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 0.000a | 0.25 ± 0.10 | 0.34 ± 0.13 | 0.000a | 0.24 ± 0.10 | 0.37 ± 0.14 | 0.000a |
| CTR (%) | 25.72 ± 11.53 | 26.07 ± 10.90 | 0.424a | 25.67 ± 13.22 | 26.54 ± 14.74 | 0.793a | 25.77 ± 12.79 | 28.62 ± 13.15 | 0.112a |
| Lesion shape | 0.000b | 0.000b | 0.000b | ||||||
| Round/Oval | 326 (85.1) | 211 (59.9) | 141 (86.0) | 85 (56.3) | 83 (79.8) | 52 (55.3) | |||
| Irregular | 57 (14.9) | 141 (40.1) | 23 (14.0) | 66 (43.7) | 21 (20.2) | 42 (44.7) | |||
| Lesion border | 0.190b | 0.014b | 0.118b | ||||||
| Defined | 313 (81.7) | 274 (77.8) | 139 (84.8) | 111 (73.5) | 82 (78.8) | 82 (87.2) | |||
| Undefined | 70 (18.3) | 78 (22.2) | 25 (15.2) | 40 (26.5) | 22 (21.2) | 12 (12.8) | |||
| Vacuole sign (Yes/No) | 24 (6.3)/359 (93.7) | 55 (15.6)/297 (84.4) | 0.000b | 16 (9.8)/148 (90.2) | 16 (10.6)/135 (89.4) | 0.805b | 5 (4.8)/99 (95.2) | 12 (12.8)/82 (87.2) | 0.046b |
| Air bronchogram (Yes/No) | 23 (6.0)/360 (94.0) | 58 (16.5)/294 (83.5) | 0.000b | 7 (4.3)/157 (95.7) | 21 (13.9)/130 (86.1) | 0.003b | 6 (5.8)/98 (94.2) | 8 (8.5)/86 (91.5) | 0.452b |
| Microvascular sign (Yes/No) | 68 (17.8)/315 (82.2) | 158 (44.9)/194 (55.1) | 0.000b | 30 (18.3)/134 (81.7) | 68 (45.0)/83 (55.0) | 0.000b | 25 (24.0)/79 (76.0) | 38 (40.4)/56 (59.6) | 0.013b |
| Pleural indentation (Yes/No) | 95 (24.8)/288 (75.2) | 133 (37.8)/219 (62.2) | 0.000b | 42 (25.6)/122 (74.4) | 68 (45.0)/83 (55.0) | 0.000b | 30 (28.8)/74 (71.2) | 43 (45.7)/51 (54.3) | 0.014b |
AIS, adenocarcinoma in situ; MIA, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma; IAC, invasive adenocarcinoma; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTR, consolidation-to-tumor ratio.
Values are presented as no. (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
aMann–Whitney U test. bPearson’s chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test.