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. 2022 Aug 21;14(16):4036. doi: 10.3390/cancers14164036

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Exosome-mediated cell-to-cell communications between different cells in the HCC tumor microenvironment. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; Treg, regulatory T cell; NK, natural killer cell; Macro, macrophage; M1, M1-polarized macrophage; M2, M2-polarized macrophage; DC, dendritic cell; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; N2, N2-neutrophil; TIL, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; TEXs, tumor-cell-derived exosomes; DEXs, DC-derived exosomes; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1.