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. 2022 Aug 21;14(16):4036. doi: 10.3390/cancers14164036

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Possible exosome-associated resistance mechanisms for immunotherapy of HCC. TEXs can directly dampen the function of CD8+ T cells by carrying PD-L1 or indirectly dampen it by impacting other adjacent immune cells, thereby inducing HCC’s resistance to immunotherapy. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; Macro, macrophage; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; TEXs, tumor-cell-derived exosomes; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; GOLM1, Golgi membrane protein 1; ADO, adenosine; IL-10, interleukin-10.