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Potential role of exosomes in improving the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; Macro, macrophage; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; CTLA-4, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; DC-TEX, tumor-cell-derived exosomes-pulsed DCs; SD, spleen deficiency; Exo-MT: Exosomes derived from HCC cells treated with 0.1 mM melatonin.
