Table 1.
Overview of the Included Studies and their Characteristics.
| Authors | Primary Study Subject |
Study Type | Respondents | Sample Characteristics | Most Important Variables | ER-Related Measure Child |
ER-Related Measure Parents |
ERSB-Related Measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen et al. (2016) [47] | EmoClim | Observational: cross-sectional | M, F and C 9–14 y | Clinical sample; predominantly Caucasian and M |
ERSB, PsyAdj C, emotional reactivity C, perceived control C | CRep: adapted version of the Responses to Stress Questionnaire |
N/A | Obs: worry conversation |
| Arellano, Gramszlo, & Woodruff-Borden (2018) [48] | ER P | Observational: case–control | M, F and C 3–12 y | Community sample; mostly European-American, married, highly educated M |
ERSB, PsyAdj P | N/A | N/A | Obs during difficult or insoluble task |
| Bertie, Johnston, & Lill (2021) [72] | ER P | Observational: cross-sectional | Non-clinical M and F of C 3–10 y | Mostly M with a partner | ER P, ERSB, distress P | PRep: Emotion Regulation Questionnaire |
N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Bridgett, Burt, Edwards, & Deater-Deckard (2015) [85] | EmoClim, ER P |
Narrative review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Brumariu (2015) [86] | EmoClim | Narrative review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Burgdorf, Abbott, & Szabo (2022) [49] | PMEP/MF | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 3–18 y | Community sample; mostly highly educated Australians | Feasibility intervention, mindful parenting, parenting stress, ER P, PsyAdj C |
N/A | PRep: CERQ (short form) | N/A |
| Cabecinha-Alati, Malikin, & Montreuil (2020) [50] | ER P | Observational: cross-sectional | M of C 8–12 y | Western convenience sample; mostly Caucasian, highly educated, married and middle-class | ERSB, ER P, personality P |
N/A | PRep: Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire |
PRep: CCNES |
| Chen et al. (2021) [34] | ER P | Observational: longitudinal | M and F of C 6–13 y | Chinese; mostly M | PsyAdj C, ER P, ER C | PRep: ERC (both subscales) | PRep: DERS | N/A |
| Cho et al. (2022) [45] | ERSB | Observational: cross-sectional | M of C 6–7 y | Nepalese, Korean and German sample | ERSB, ER C | PRep: ERC (the two subscales were averaged) | N/A | PRep: CCNES and PRCPS |
| Colegrove & Havighurst (2017) [83] | ERSB | Systematic review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Craig, Goulter, Andrade, McMahon (2021) [87] | EmoClim | Observational: longitudinal | M, F and T of C from ca. 6–14 y | C with and without risk of conduct problems; black and white | PaPrac, ER C, prosocial behavior C, callous-unemotional traits C |
PRep and TRep: the Social Competence Scale | N/A | N/A |
| Dixon-Gordon, Marsh, Balda, & McQuade (2020) [51] | ERSB | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 10–12 y | Community sample; mostly white, highly educated M | ER C, ERSB, PsyAdj C and P, autonomic reactivity | PRep: ERC (both subscales) | N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Dunsmore, Booker, & Ollendick (2013) [52] | PMEP/MF | Observational: cross-sectional | M and C 7–14 y with oppositional behavior | Clinical sample; predominantly European-American, married and from rural neighborhoods |
PMEP (about C’s positive emotions, C’s negative emotions and the amount of emotion-related guidance C needs), ERSB, PsyAdj C |
PRep: ERC (only ER subscale) | N/A | Obs: conversation about (a) a fun activity, (b) an emotion-related event (mad, sad, scared or upset), (c) an activity of last Sunday |
| Evans et al. (2020) [73] | EmoClim and PMEP/MF | Observational: case–control | M and F of C ca. 11 y with and without ADHD and T | Mostly M | PsyAdj C, PaPrac, mindful parenting, distress P | PRep: self-control subscale from the Social Skills Improvement System |
N/A | N/A |
| Flujas-Contreras, Garcia-Palacios, & Gomez (2021) [74] | ER P and PMEP/MF | Intervention study | M and F of C 6 m–15 y | Mostly married M | ER P, distress P, PsyAdj C and P, mindful tendencies P | N/A | PRep: DERS | N/A |
| Gershy & Gray (2020) [35] | ER P and EmoClim | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 6–18 y with ADHD | Eastern sample; mostly heterosexual, married, secular, with higher SES (i.c., who are able to obtain treatment) |
PsyAdj C, mentalization skills P, PaPrac |
N/A | PRep: DERS |
N/A |
| Han & Shaffer (2014) [68] | EmoClim | Observational: cross-sectional | M and C 8–11 y | Community sample; mostly African-American and but racially diverse; highly educated and married | ER C, PsyAdj C, attitude toward C | PRep: ERC (only Negativity/Lability subscale) Obs: interaction with M (coded: amount of negatively shown emotions) |
N/A | N/A |
| Han, Qian, Gao, & Dong (2015) [36] | ERSB and ER P | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 7–12 y | Eastern sample; highly educated married two-parent families |
ERSB, ER P | N/A | PRep: DERS | PRep: CCNES |
| Hong, McCormick, Deater-Deckard, Calkins, & Bell (2021) [53] | EmoClim | Observational: longitudinal |
M of C 6–9 y | Predominantly highly educated and white |
ERSB, ER C, household chaos |
PRep: ERC (only ER subscale) | N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Hurrell, Hudson, & Schniering (2015) [54] | ERSB | Observational: case–control | M and F of C 7–12 y with and without an anxiety disorder |
Predominantly middle-class and Caucasian | ERSB, ER C, PsyAdj C | CRep: Emotion Expression Scale for Children and Children’s Emotion Management Scales PRep: ERC (both subscales) |
N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Jin, Zhang, & Han (2017) [37] | ERSB and EmoClim | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 6–12 y | Eastern urban sample; mostly highly educated, married and full-time employed | ERSB, ER C, PsyAdj C, dyadic cooperation |
PRep: ERC (only ER subscale) Observation: The Child Emotion Regulation Scale |
N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Katz, Maliken, & Stettler (2012) [12] | PMEP/MF | Narrative review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Koh & Wang (2021) [46] | ERSB | Observational: longitudinal |
M and C from 4.5–7 y | European-American and Chinese-American middle-class, highly educated sample | ERSB, PsyAdj C | N/A | N/A | Obs: conversation about negative event for the C |
| Li, Li, Wu, & Wang (2019) [38] | ER P | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 6–12 y | Eastern, highly educated, two-parent families with a high income | ERSB, ER C and P | PRep: ERC (both subscales) | PRep: DERS | PRep: CCNES |
| Lindsey (2020) [88] | EmoClim | Narrative review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Lobo, Lunkenheimer, Lucas-Thompson, & Seiter (2021) [81] | PMEP/MF and EmoClim | Observational: cross-sectional | Study 1: M of C 10–17 y Study 2: M, F and T of C 8-ca. 12 y |
Diverse SES and ethnicity Study 1: married or cohabiting families Study 2: one-P, two-P, reconstituted families |
PMEP (about negative emotions of child), ERSB, PsyAdj C and P, distress P | N/A | N/A | Obs: conversation about (a) a nice family event, (b) a difficult family event and (c) a moment in which C misbehaved |
| Lunkenheimer, Hollenstein, Wang, & Shields (2012) [55] | ERSB | Observational: cross-sectional | Family members of C 8–12 y and T | Mostly white; one-P, two-P, reconstituted families and other family structures | ERSB, ER C | PRep and TRep: ERC (only ER subscale) |
N/A | Obs: conversation about (a) a nice family event, (b) a difficult family event and (c) a moment in which C misbehaved |
| Maliken & Katz (2013) [89] | ER P | Narrative review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| McKee, Parent, Zachary, & Forehand (2018) [33] | PMEP/MF | Observational: cross-sectional and longitudinal | M and F of C 3–12 y | Community sample; predominantly white, highly educated, full-time employed and married M | ERSB, mindful parenting | N/A | N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Miller-Slough, Dunsmore, Zeman, Sanders, & Poon (2016) [56] | ERSB | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 8–12 y | Mostly Caucasian, middle-class, married two-parent families | ERSB, PsyAdj C | N/A | N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Moed, Dix, Anderson, & Greene (2017) [57] | ER P | Observational: longitudinal |
M and C 4 –11 y | Mostly non-Hispanic white | ER C, PsyAdj C, aversion sensitivity M | PRep: Behavior Problem Index, Positive Behavior Scale | N/A | N/A |
| Morelen & Suveg (2012) [58] | ERSB | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 7–12 y | Predominantly white two-parent families | ERSB, ER C, PsyAdj C | PRep: ERC (only Negativity/Lability Subscale) | N/A | Obs: conversations about a moment the C was angry, happy, sad and anxious |
| Morelen, Shaffer, & Suveg (2016) [69] |
ER P | Observational: cross-sectional | M and C 8–11 y old | Ethnically diverse sample; mostly African-American | ERSB, ER C and P | PRep: ERC (both subscales) CRep: Children’s Emotion Management Scales for Sadness, Anger and Worry Observation: Conflict Discussion task |
PRep: DERS | PRep: CCNES |
| Morford, Cookston, & Hagan (2017) [59] | ER P | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 6 m–10 y | Western and predominantly Caucasian sample; only two-parent families; mostly heterosexual, full-time employed, married M |
ER P, temperament C and P | PRep: Distress Tolerance Scale | N/A | N/A |
| Pasalich, Waschbusch, Dadds, & Hawes (2014) [60] | PMEP/MF (study 1) and ERSB (study 2) | Observational: cross-sectional | M, F and T of C 3–12 y with callous-unemotional traits |
Mostly Caucasian/Anglo-European Study 1: clinical and community sample Study 2: clinical sample; mostly two-P families and highly educated |
PMEP (about their own and their C’s anger and sadness), ERSB, PsyAdj C | N/A | N/A | Obs: conversation about a past happy and sad moment |
| Peisch, Dale, Parent, & Burt (2020) [61] | ERSB | Observational: longitudinal | M and F of C 5–12 y | Mostly white, highly educated M | ERSB, ER C | PRep: ERC (both subscales) | N/A | PRep: the Socialization of Coping Questionnaire (negative emotions) |
| Perlman, Lunkenheimer, Panlilio, & Pérez-Edgar (2022) [90] | ERSB | Narrative review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Ravi et al. (2022) [62] | ERSB and EmoClim | Observational: longitudinal | M and C from 7 to 12 y | Community sample with highly novelty-sensitive children; mostly white, two-P middle- and upper-class families |
Irritability level C, ERSB, parental control |
N/A | N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Ren, Han, Ahemaiti-jiang, & Zhang (2021) [39] | EmoClim and PMEP/MF | Observational: cross-sectional | M of C 6–12 y | Highly educated Eastern sample | ER C, PaPrac, mindful acting P, distress P |
PRep: ERC (the two subscales were added) | N/A | N/A |
| Sanders, Turner, Metzler (2019) [91] | ER P | Narrative review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Seddon, Abdel-Baki, Feige, & Thomassin (2020) [63] | ER P | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 8–12 y | Mostly white, highly educated two-P families | ERSB, ER C and P, PsyAdj C and P | PRep: ERC (the two subscales were added) | PRep: DERS | PRep: CCNES |
| Shaffer, Fitzgerald, Shipman, & Torres (2019) [64] | ERSB | Intervention study | M of C 5–13 y | Non-clinical sample with predominantly European American, married, highly educated M | ERSB | N/A | N/A | Obs: the Parent–Child Emotion Interaction Task: discussion of angry and sad moment |
| Shenaar-Golan, Yatzkar, & Yaffe (2021) [40] | EmoClim | Observational: cross-sectional | F and C 8–18 y | Israeli | Parental feelings, PsyAdj C, ER C, attachment | CRep: DERS | N/A | N/A |
| Thomassin, Suveg, Davis, Lavner, & Beach (2017) [65] | ER P | Observational: cross-sectional | M, F and C 7–12 y | Mostly Caucasian, two-P families | ERSB, ER C, PsyAdj C and P, interparental positive affect congruity | PRep: ERC (only Negativity/ Lability subscale) | N/A | PRep: CCNES |
| Townshend (2016) [92] | PMEP/MF | Narrative review | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Ugarte, Liu, & Hastings (2021) [66] | ERSB | Observational: longitudinal | M of C 2–12 y | Canadian community sample; mostly middle- to upper-middle-class Caucasians | ERSB, baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia C, PsyAdj C |
N/A | N/A | PRep: Responses to Child Emotions questionnaire |
| Wang, Wang, Wang, & Xing (2021) [41] | EmoClim | Observational: longitudinal | M and F of C 6–10 y (Time 1) and 9–12 y (Time 2) | Eastern sample; two-P families |
ER C, PaPrac, temperament C |
PRep: ERC (the two subscales were added) | N/A | N/A |
| Yan, Schoppe-Sullivan, Wu, & Han (2021) [42] | EmoClim and PMEP/MF | Observational: cross-sectional | M and F of C 6–12 y | Eastern sample; mostly highly educated, full-time employed M of two-P families with one C | ER C and P, mindful parenting, PaPrac, coparenting quality | PRep: ERC (both subscales) | PRep: DERS |
N/A |
| Yi, Gentzler, Ramsey, & Root (2016) [67] | ERSB | Observational: cross-sectional | M and C 7–12 y | Mostly Caucasian American highly educated M | ERSB, ER C PsyAdj C | PRep: self-control subscale of the Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales |
N/A | PRep: Parents’ Reactions to Children’s Positive Emotions Scale |
| Zimmer-Gembeck, Rudolph, Kerin, & Bohadana-Brown (2022) [84] | ER P | Meta-analytic review | M and F of C 4m–18y | Mostly socioculturally diverse | ER P, ER C, PsycAdj C, PaPrac, ERSB | Mostly DERS, ERQ, or ERC | Mostly DERS or ERQ | Mostly CCNES |
Note. N/A = not applicable; y = years; M = mothers; F = fathers; P = parents; C = child/children; T = teachers; PMEP/MF = Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy/mindfulness; PsyAdj = psychological adjustment; PaPrac = parenting practices (not directly emotion-focused); EmoClim = emotional climate of the family; PRep = parent report; CRep = child report; TRep = teacher report; Obs = observation; CCNES = Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale; ERC = Emotion Regulation Checklist; DERS = Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [93]; ERQ = Emotion Regulation Questionnaire [94]; PRCPS = Parents’ Reaction to Children’s Positive Emotions Scale [95]; CERQ = Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire [96].