Table A1.
Quality Estimation of the Included Observational Studies Using the STROBE Statement.
| Authors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen et al. (2016) [47] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 31 |
| Arellano et al. (2018) [48] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
| Bertie et al. (2021) [72] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 36 |
| Burgdorf et al. (2022) [49] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 40 |
| Cabecinha-Alati et al. (2020) [50] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 37 |
| Chen et al. (2021) [34] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 35 |
| Cho et al. (2022) [45] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 32 |
| Craig et al. (2021) [87] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 37 |
| Dixon-Gordon et al. (2020) [51] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 37 |
| Dunsmore et al. (2013) [52] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 32 |
| Evans et al. (2020) [73] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 35 |
| Flujas-Contreras et al. (2021) [74] | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 37 |
| Gershy & Gray (2020) [35] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 37 |
| Han & Shaffer (2014) [68] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 34 |
| Han et al. (2015) [36] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 35 |
| Hong et al. (2021) [53] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 38 |
| Hurrell et al. (2015) [54] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 33 |
| Jin et al. (2017) [37] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 32 |
| Koh & Wang (2021) [46] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 29 |
| Li et al. (2019) [38] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 34 |
| Lobo et al. (2021) [81] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 36 |
| Lunkenheimer et al. (2012) [55] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 36 |
| McKee et al. (2018) [33] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 33 |
| Miller-Slough et al. (2017) [56] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 29 |
| Moed et al. (2017) [57] | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 34 |
| Morelen & Suveg (2012) [58] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 31 |
| Morelen et al. (2016) [69] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 34 |
| Morford et al. (2017) [59] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 34 |
| Pasalich et al. (2014) [60] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 35 |
| Peisch et al. (2020) [61] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 35 |
| Ravi et al. (2022) [62] | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 35 |
| Ren et al. (2021) [39] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 30 |
| Seddon et al. (2020) [63] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 37 |
| Shaffer et al. (2019) [64] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 33 |
| Shenaar-Golan et al. (2021) [40] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 37 |
| Thomassin et al. (2017) [65] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
| Ugarte et al. (2021) [66] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 37 |
| Wang et al. (2021) [41] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 35 |
| Yan et al. (2021) [42] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 34 |
| Yi et al. (2016) [67] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 34 |
Note.Title and abstract—1: Title and abstract; Introduction—2: Background/rationale, 3: Objectives; Methods—4: Study design, 5: Setting, 6: Participants, 7: Variables, 8: Data sources/measurement, 9: Bias, 10: Study size, 11: Quantitative variables, 12: Statistical methods; Results—13: Participants, 14: Descriptive data, 15: Outcome data, 16: Main results, 17: Other analyses; Discussion—18: Key results, 19: Limitations, 20: Interpretation, 21: Generalizability; Other information—22: Funding.