Figure 3.

Overview of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade, targets for potential therapeutic intervention in GBM and molecules investigated in preclinical and clinical studies (based on the data listed in Table 1). Mechanisms of modulation of Wnt/β-catenin activity in GBM (described in detail in Table 1) include (1) down-regulation of expression of Wnt components and Wnt targets, (2) promotion of β-catenin degradation, (3) increasing β-catenin stability, (4) inhibition of β-catenin nuclear translocation, (5) inhibition of β-catenin/CBP transcription complex, (6) down-regulation of WNT secretion and (7) inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin-WISP1 signaling. Small molecules are presented in blue letters, natural agents in orange and repurposed drugs in purple. Molecules in red boxes inhibit expression and activity of denoted Wnt component or processes within the Wnt cascade. Molecules in green increase activity of denoted components. Red circle represents phosphate group; yellow circle represents palmitoyl groups. Based on [120,130] and references included in the main text and the Table 1.