Table 2.

Preclinical data extracted from the included articles.

Findings	Pre-Ictal, Ictal, or Post-Ictal Data	NIRS Biomarkers	NIRS Device, Sensor Positioning	Seizure Induction Agent	Participants (Number, Median Age, Species)	Study Design	First Author, Year
Following KA administration, HbO2 and HbT decreased at the same time as an increase in HHb. The HbO2, levels then gradually returned to baseline levels before KA administration. HHb levels, however, continued to increase. Once the HbT levels reached a minimum, they increased gradually beyond baseline values.	pre-ictal, ictal, and post-ictal	HbO2, HHb, HbT	NIR 1000	Kainic Acid	6 2 weeks Rabbit	Cohort Study	Takei et al., 1999 [70]
Following KA administration, HbO2 and HbT decreased, followed by an increase in HHb. The HbO2, HbT and HHb levels then gradually returned to baseline levels prior to KA administration.	pre-ictal, ictal, and post-ictal	HbO2, HHb, HbT	NIR 1000	Kainic Acid	6 2 weeks Rabbit	Cohort Study	Takei et al., 1999 [71]
During KA-induced seizures, HbO2 was shown to decrease initially to a minimum, then increase beyond baseline values before slowly decreasing to baseline. HHb was shown to increase during seizures. HbT slowly increased to a maximum before decreasing.	pre-ictal, ictal, and post-ictal	HbO2, HHb, HbT	NIR 1000	Kainic Acid	6 2 weeks Rabbit	Cohort Study	Takei et al., 2001 [72]
HbO2 and HbT initially decreased following KA administration. HbO2 then slowly increased towards baseline values. HbT increased beyond baseline values. HHb initially increased before starting to decrease and plateau.	pre-ictal, ictal, and post-ictal	HbO2, HHb, HbT	NIR 1000	Kainic Acid	6 2 weeks Rabbit	Cohort Study	Takei et al., 2002 [73]