Table 5.
Multivariable associations for DASS-21 subscales.
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariable Associations for the Depression Subscale—n = 561 | |||
| Mild to moderate vs. Normal | |||
| Smoking | No | Reference | |
| <10 cigarettes per day and/or <3 shisha per week | 1.14 (0.58; 2.25) | 0.7 | |
| ≥10 cigarettes per day and/or ≥3 shisha per week | 2.72 (1.13; 6.54) | 0.03 | |
| Feel isolated from others due to COVID-19 | Never | Reference | |
| Rarely | 1.67 (0.80; 3.50) | 0.2 | |
| Usually | 2.47 (1.23; 4.95) | 0.01 | |
| Always | 4.21 (1.87; 9.46) | 0.001 | |
| Taking other drugs # | 2.12 (1.06; 4.28) | 0.04 | |
| Severe to extremely severe vs. Normal | |||
| Smoking | No | Reference | |
| <10 cigarettes per day and/or <3 shisha per week | 1.009 (0.46; 2.22) | 0.9 | |
| ≥10 cigarettes per day and/or ≥3 shisha per week | 3.32 (1.30; 8.52) | 0.01 | |
| Body weight during COVID-19 | No changes | Reference | |
| Gained weight | 2.37 (1.22; 4.63) | 0.01 | |
| Lost weight | 3.47 (1.80; 6.67) | <0.001 | |
| Taking other drugs # | 3.93 (1.84; 8.38) | <0.001 | |
| Feel isolated due to COVID-19 | Never | Reference | |
| Rarely | 1.009 (0.33; 3.08) | 0.9 | |
| Usually | 5.32 (1.99; 14.2) | 0.001 | |
| Always | 11.1 (3.84; 32) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable associations for the anxiety subscale—n = 561 | |||
| Mild to moderate vs. Normal | |||
| Feel isolated due to COVID-19 | Never | Reference | |
| Rarely | 1.70 (0.80; 3.62) | 0.2 | |
| Usually | 2.01 (1.01; 4.23) | 0.047 | |
| Always | 1.76 (0.77; 4.01) | 0.2 | |
| Severe to extremely severe vs. Normal | |||
| Body weight during COVID-19 | No changes | Reference | |
| Gained weight | 1.55 (0.86; 2.80) | 0.1 | |
| Lost weight | 1.83 (1.03; 3.25) | 0.04 | |
| Year in pharmacy school | First or second | Reference | |
| Third or fourth | 1.30 (0.73; 2.30) | 0.4 | |
| Fifth or PharmD | 0.5 (0.28; 0.92) | 0.03 | |
| Taking multivitamins or minerals | 1.86 (1.07; 3.21) | 0.03 | |
| Feel isolated due to COVID-19 | Never | Reference | |
| Rarely | 1.20 (0.51; 2.82) | 0.7 | |
| Usually | 2.65 (1.21; 5.79) | 0.02 | |
| Always | 3.11 (1.32; 7.32) | 0.009 | |
| Multivariable associations for the stress subscale—n = 561 | |||
| Mild to moderate vs. Normal | |||
| Smoking | No | Reference | |
| <10 cigarettes per day and/or <3 shisha per week | 1.16 (0.60; 2.25) | 0.7 | |
| ≥10 cigarettes per day and/or ≥3 shisha per week | 3.01 (1.42; 6.62) | 0.004 | |
| Body weight during COVID-19 | No changes | Reference | |
| Gained weight | 1.55 (0.90; 2.64) | 0.1 | |
| Lost weight | 1.85 (1.12; 3.08) | 0.02 | |
| Year in pharmacy school | First or second | Reference | |
| Third or fourth | 1.82 (1.10; 3.02) | 0.02 | |
| Fifth or PharmD | 0.88 (0.5; 1.54) | 0.7 | |
| Feel isolated due to COVID-19 | Never | Reference | |
| Rarely | 1.61 (0.74; 3.51) | 0.2 | |
| Usually | 2.28 (1.10; 4.71) | 0.03 | |
| Always | 2.09 (0.93; 4.69) | 0.07 | |
| Severe to extremely severe vs. Normal | |||
| Body weight during COVID-19 | No changes | Reference | |
| Gained weight | 2.21 (1.05; 4.67) | 0.04 | |
| Lost weight | 3.11 (1.53; 6.32) | 0.002 | |
| Taking antidepressants and/or anxiolytics | 11.16 (1.94; 64.4) | 0.007 | |
| Feel isolated due to COVID-19 | Never | Reference | |
| Rarely | 1.27 (0.30; 5.35) | 0.7 | |
| Usually | 4.81 (1.34; 17.3) | 0.02 | |
| Always | 7.10 (1.90; 26.6) | 0.004 | |
# Others = other than acetaminophen, antihistamines, NSAIDs, multivitamins or minerals, antidepressants or anxiolytics; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; NSAIDs, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs; CI, Confidence interval.