Table 1.
The UPEC antibiotic resistance genes—ARGs, their mechanisms of action, and antimicrobials they affect.
| Antimicrobial Class/Agent | ARG | Mechanism of Resistance |
|---|---|---|
| β-lactams | bla TEM | hydrolysis of the antibiotic molecule |
| bla OXA | ||
| bla CTX-M | ||
| bla SHV | ||
| bla VEB | ||
| bla PER | ||
| bla KPC | ||
| bla VIM | ||
| ampC | ||
| Aminoglycosides | aadA | antibiotic molecule modification (adenylyltransferase) |
| armA | drug target modification (methylase) |
|
| rmtB | ||
| aaC(3)—IIa | antibiotic molecule modification (acetyltransferase) |
|
| aacA2 | ||
| aacA4 | ||
| Quinolones | qnrA | drug target modification |
| qnrB | ||
| qnrC | ||
| qnrD | ||
| qnrS | ||
| mfpA | ||
| qepA | efflux pump | |
| oqxAB | ||
| Tetracyclines | tet(a) | efflux pump |
| tet(b) | ||
| Sulfonamides | dfrA1 | drug target modification |
| sul1 | ||
| sul2 | ||
| Macrolides | ere(2) | hydrolysis of the antibiotic molecule |
| acrB | efflux pump | |
| acrA | ||
| macB | ||
| mph(A) | Antibiotic molecule modification (phosphotransferase) |
|
| Vancomycin | vanA | drug target modification |
| Colistin | mcr-1 | drug target modification (phosphatidylethanolamine transferase) |