Table 2.
Clinical studies of different synbiotics in the treatment of T2DM in recent years.
| Reference | Sample | Strain/Dose | Time | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moroti et al., 2012 [81] | 20 patients with T2DM | B. bifidum 108 CFU, L. acidophilus 108 CFU, and 2 g oligofructose | 2 weeks | Increased HDL-C and reduced fasting glycemia. |
| Asemi et al., 2013 [82] | 54 patients with T2DM | L. acidophilus, L. casei, L.rhamnosus, L.bulgaricus, B. breve, B. longum, S. thermophilus, 109 CFU and 100 mg FOS | 8 weeks | TGL and HOMA-IR plasma levels increased; serum CRP decreased. |
| Tajadadi-Ebrahimi et al., 2014 [83] | 81 patients with T2DM | L. sporogenes, 108 CFU and 0.07 g inulin per 1 g | 8 weeks | Reduce serum insulin levels; conducive to insulin metabolism. |
| Shakeri et al., 2014 [84] | 78 patients with T2DM | L. sporogenes, 108 CFU and 0.07 g inulin per 1 g | 8 weeks | The serum HDL-C level significantly increased; the blood lipid profile decreased (TAG, TC/HDL-C). |
| Nazila Kassaian et al., 2016 [85] | 120 adults with impaired glucose tolerance | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacter bifidum, Bifidobacter lactis, and Bifidobacter longum (109 CFU) with maltodextrin as filler and 6 g inulin | 6 months | Elevated HDL-C, and improved (LDL)/HDL. |
| Hossein et al., 2019 [30] | 136 patients with T2DM | Lactobacillus acidophilus 108 CFU and 0.5 g of powdered cinnamon | 3 months | Improved antioxidant enzyme activity modestly. |
| Soleimani et al., 2019 [86] | 60 patients with diabetes mellitus complicated with hemodialysis | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum (2 × 109 CFU) and 0.8 g inulin | 12 weeks | Reduced blood glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance; improved insulin sensitivity. |
| Aynaz Velayati et al., 2021 [87] | 50 patients with T2DM | Bacillus Coagulans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and fructooligosaccharide | 12 weeks | Reduced insulin level, HOMA-IR CRP, and HOMA-β levels. |
CFU, colony-forming unit; TGLs, total glutathione levels; CRPs, C-reactive protein; FOS, fructooligossacharides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, β-cell function; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.