Fig. 1.

Distribution of study caves in subtropical East Asia. Blue circles denote cave localities, which are determined by the specimen records of the sampled endemic cave-dwelling species. The range of karsts throughout subtropical East Asia (in gray) is modified from https://www.un-igrac.org/resource/world-karst-aquifer-map-wokam. Inset Upper Left, the location of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in the world, modified from (27). An example of karst caves, the Yangzi Cave in Guangxi, is presented in the right (outside and inner view). R.R.F., Ailao Shan-Red River Fault zone.