Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Variable | Completers (n = 49) | Dropouts (n = 9) | All participants (n = 58) | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4-h TRF | 6-h TRF | Control | 4-h TRF | 6-h TRF | Control | 4-h TRF | 6-h TRF | Control | ||
| n | 16 | 19 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 20 | 19 | |
| Age (y) | 49 ± 2 | 46 ± 3 | 45 ± 2 | 41 ± 8 | 62 ± 0 | 47 ± 4 | 47 ± 2 | 47 ± 3 | 45 ± 2 | 0.82 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 14 (88%) | 18 (95%) | 12 (86%) | 3 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 5 (100%) | 17 (89%) | 19 (95%) | 17 (89%) | 0.38 |
| Male | 2 (12%) | 1 (5%) | 2 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (11%) | 1 (0%) | 2 (11%) | |
| Race or ethnic group | ||||||||||
| White | 1 (6%) | 3 (16%) | 2 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | 3 (15%) | 2 (11%) | 0.55 |
| Black | 12 (75%) | 12 (63%) | 6 (43%) | 2 (67%) | 1 (100%) | 4 (80%) | 14 (74%) | 13 (65%) | 10 (53%) | |
| Asian | 0 (0%) | 3 (16%) | 2 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (15%) | 2 (11%) | |
| Hispanic | 2 (13%) | 1 (5%) | 4 (29%) | 1 (33%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (20%) | 3 (16%) | 1 (5%) | 5 (26%) | |
| Other | 1 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Body composition | ||||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 101 ± 5 | 99 ± 5 | 93 ± 5 | 92 ± 5 | 92 ± 0 | 97 ± 4 | 100 ± 4 | 99 ± 4 | 94 ± 3 | 0.53 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 48 ± 3 | 48 ± 3 | 43 ± 3 | -- | -- | -- | 48 ± 3 | 48 ± 3 | 43 ± 3 | 0.24 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 52 ± 2 | 50 ± 3 | 48 ± 3 | -- | -- | -- | 52 ± 2 | 50 ± 3 | 48 ± 3 | 0.10 |
| Visceral fat mass (kg) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | -- | -- | -- | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.28 |
| Height (cm) | 167 ± 2 | 163 ± 2 | 160 ± 2 | 159 ± 2 | 152 ± 0 | 160 ± 3 | 166 ± 2 | 162 ± 2 | 160 ± 2 | 0.15 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36 ± 1 | 37 ± 1 | 36 ± 1 | 37 ± 3 | 40 ± 0 | 38 ± 2 | 37 ± 1 | 37 ± 1 | 36 ± 1 | 0.84 |
| Glucoregulatory factors | ||||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 88 ± 2 | 94 ± 2 | 96 ± 5 | 87 ± 0 | 87 ± 0 | 95 ± 5 | 88 ± 2 | 93 ± 2 | 96 ± 3 | 0.23 |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 12 ± 2 | 16 ± 3 | 12 ± 2 | 13 ± 0 | 23 ± 0 | 15 ± 6 | 12 ± 2 | 18 ± 3 | 13 ± 2 | 0.38 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0 | 4.9 ± 0 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 0.34 |
| HbAlc(%) | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 6.0 ± 0 | 5.4 ± 0 | 6.2 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.2 | 0.88 |
| BP and heart rate | ||||||||||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 135 ± 5 | 128 ± 4 | 122 ± 5 | 124 ± 0 | 153 ± 0 | 150 ± 23 | 134 ± 4 | 130 ± 4 | 127 ± 6 | 0.59 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 88 ± 2 | 84 ± 2 | 81 ± 3 | 82 ± 0 | 98 ± 0 | 94 ± 9 | 88 ± 2 | 84 ± 2 | 84 ± 3 | 0.54 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 73 ± 2 | 68 ± 2 | 70 ± 3 | 72 ± 0 | 66 ± 0 | 70 ± 9 | 73 ± 2 | 68 ± 2 | 70 ± 3 | 0.37 |
| Plasma lipids | ||||||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 95 ± 6 | 104 ± 8 | 108 ± 6 | 104 ± 0 | 143 ± 0 | 96 ± 18 | 96 ± 6 | 107 ± 8 | 104 ± 6 | 0.44 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 57 ± 5 | 54 ± 3 | 56 ± 4 | 49 ± 0 | 52 ± 0 | 63 ± 10 | 57 ± 4 | 54 ± 3 | 58 ± 4 | 0.71 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 91 ± 11 | 95 ± 7 | 84 ± 11 | 110 ± 0 | 76 ± 0 | 94 ± 27 | 92 ± 10 | 94 ± 7 | 87 ± 10 | 0.85 |
| Inflammation/ ox stress | ||||||||||
| TNF-alpha (pg/ml) | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 14.2 ± 2.7 | 11.9 ± 2.6 | -- | -- | -- | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 14.2 ± 2.7 | 11.9 ± 2.6 | 0.37 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | -- | -- | -- | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 0.63 |
| 8-isoprostane (pg/ml) | 34.1 ± 4.6 | 33.8 ± 3.6 | 32.6 ± 4.8 | -- | -- | -- | 34.1 ± 4.6 | 33.8 ± 3.6 | 32.6 ± 4.8 | 0.76 |
BMI: Body-mass index, BP: Blood pressure. HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin resistance. -- Data not available. Dropout data: All dropouts occurred during week 1 or 2 of the study. Baseline body weight, height and BMI was collected for all dropouts. None of the dropouts attended the baseline DXA scan visit, so no body composition data are available for these participants. Only a few dropouts attended the baseline blood draw/blood pressure visit (4-h TRF: n = 1, 6-h TRF: n = 1, Control: n = 3), so only data for these subjects are included. TNF-alpha, IL- 6, and 8-isoprostane data are not available for dropouts as not enough blood could be collected from these participants. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. P-value between groups for “All participants”: One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc (continuous variables) and McNemar test (categorical variables).