Table 6.

Social media and sleep.

Domains	Reference	Type of Article	Highlighted
Depression Sleep Anxiety	Hoge E. et al. [18]	Review	The more time adolescents spend on smartphone, the higher levels of depression, insomnia, and anxiety are found one year later.
Depression Diet Cyberbullying Sleep Sex related problems Online grooming	Chassiakos Y.L.R. et al. [21]	Review	Risks of media device use include obesity, sleep, attention, and learning impairment, illicit substance use, high-risk sexual behaviors, depression, cyberbullying, and compromised privacy and confidentiality.
Depression Cyberbullying Sleep Anxiety Sex related problems Behavioral problems Sight	Maurer B.T. et al. [22].	Review	An increase in digital and social media use relates to physical and mental status impairment in children, including depression, anxiety, cyberbullying, sleep disturbance, behavioral problems, sexting, and myopia.
Depression Cyberbullying Sleep Sex related problems	Hadjipanayis A. et al. [26]	Review	Social media use facilitates socialization, communication, learning skills, and may positively influence education. Potential risks include cyberbullying, Facebook depression, sleep disturbances, and sexting.
Depression Sleep Anxiety	Armitage R.C. et al. [31]	Letter	The degree of social media usage in children correlates with depression, anxiety, and perceived stress level. Bedtime access to and use of mobile devices is significantly associated with inadequate sleep in terms of quality and quantity.
Diet Sleep	Mazur A. et al. [43]	Clinical study	Obesity correlated to junk food advertisement and a more sedentary lifestyle promoted by social media use. Poor or deregulated sleep affects the regulation of energy balance representing a risk factor for childhood obesity.
Diet Sleep Online grooming	Purves R.I. et al. [47]	Letter	Potential negative effects of social media include damage to sleep patterns, cyberbullying, and online grooming.
Cyberbullying Psychological problems Sleep Addiction Behavioral problems Physical activity Sight	Bozzola E. et al. [49]	Review	Cyberbullying, sleep impairment, psychological problems, addiction, musculoskeletal disorders, and eye problems are among the risks of media device use in adolescence.
Psychological problems Sleep Physical activity	Buda G. et al. [57]	Clinical study	Problematic social media use correlates with about two times higher odds for worse sleep quality and lower life satisfaction, and it is related to lower levels of vigorous physical activity in girls.
Psychological problems Sleep	Sümen A. et al. [61]	Clinical study	Social media addiction in school students is related with lower communication among families, loneliness, emotional problems, attention deficit, peer problems, and it decreases students’ sleep efficiency.
Sleep	Varghese N.E. et al. [63]	Clinical study	Exposure to media device and social media is significantly associated with adolescent sleep-onset difficulties.
Sleep Behavioral problems	Guerrero M.D. et al. [64]	Clinical study	Time spent on screen has been associated to sleeping problems, especially sleep duration, and with problematic behaviors, higher internalizing, and externalizing symptoms.
Sleep	Lund L. et al. [65]	Review	Relationship between social media use, late sleep onset, sleep quality, and duration.