Table 2.
Factors associated with anxiety, fear of infection and low HRQoL among Berlin schoolchildren.
| Variable | Anxiety a N = 145/314 |
OR b | 95% CI c | Fear of inf. d N = 175/324 |
OR b | 95% CI c | Low HRQoL e N = 77/174 |
OR b | 95% CI c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 90 (57.7%) | 1 | -ref- | 92 (57.1%) | 1 | -ref- | 48 (49.5%) | 1 | -ref- |
| Male | 55 (34.8%) | 0.39 | 0.24–0.63 | 83 (50.9%) | 0.78 | 0.49–1.23 | 29 (37.7%) | 0.62 | 0.32–1.18 | |
| School type | Primary | 60 (39.5%) | 1 | -ref- | 77 (49.4%) | 1 | -ref- | 35 (43.8%) | 1 | -ref- |
| Secondary | 85 (52.5%) | 1.69 | 1.06–2.72 | 98 (58.3%) | 1.44 | 0.90–2.28 | 42 (44.7%) | 1.04 | 0.55–1.98 | |
| Age, years | median (range) | 15.0 (9.0, 18.0) f | 1.10 | 1.01–1.21 | 15.0 (9.0, 18.0) g | 1.08 | 0.99–1.17 | 15.0 (9.0, 18.0) h | 0.97 | 0.86–1.10 |
| HH9 income | >5.000€ | 18 (32.1%) | 1 | -ref- | 36 (64.3%) | 1 | -ref- | 11 (28.9%) | 1 | -ref- |
| ≤5.000€ | 43 (53.8%) | 2.45 | 1.14–5.35 | 48 (60.0%) | 0.41 | 0.07–1.66 | 32 (47.1%) | 0.80 | 0.19–3.57 | |
| Highest HH9 education | Tertiary | 39 (43.8%) | 1 | -ref- | 54 (60.7%) | 1 | -ref- | 25 (36.2%) | 1 | -ref- |
| Below tertiary | 24 (47.1%) | 1.14 | 0.54–2.41 | 31 (60.8%) | 1.00 | 0.47–2.17 | 21 (51.2%) | 1.85 | 0.78–4.36 | |
| Family migration background | No | 49 (43.8%) | 1 | -ref- | 65 (58.0%) | 1 | -ref- | 36 (42.9%) | 1 | -ref- |
| Yes | 14 (48.3%) | 1.20 | 0.49–2.95 | 21 (72.4%) | 1.90 | 0.73–5.38 | 10 (37.0%) | 0.78 | 0.29–2.08 | |
| Siblings in HH i | No | 67 (50.4%) | 1 | -ref- | 77 (55.8%) | 1 | -ref- | 36 (45.0%) | 1 | -ref- |
| Yes | 78 (43.3%) | 0.75 | 0.47–1.21 | 97 (52.4%) | 0.87 | 0.55–1.39 | 41 (43.6%) | 0.95 | 0.50–1.80 | |
| Fear of infection | No | 50 (35.2%) | 1 | -ref- | - | - | - | 44 (42.3%) | 1 | -ref- |
| Yes | 95 (55.2%) | 2.27 | 1.4–3.68 | - | - | - | 33 (47.1%) | 1.22 | 0.63–2.34 | |
| Anxiety symptoms | No | - | - | - | 77 (45.6%) | 1 | -ref- | 31 (27.2%) | 1 | -ref- |
| Yes | - | - | - | 95 (65.5%) | 2.27 | 1.40–3.68 | 46 (78.0%) | 9.47 | 4.28–21.54 | |
| Adults in household report anxiety symptoms j | No | 15 (27.3%) | 1 | -ref- | 30 (54.5%) | 1 | -ref- | 18 (36.7%) | 1 | -ref- |
| Yes | 67 (53.2%) | 3.03 | 1.45–6.49 | 79 (62.7%) | 1.40 | 0.70–2.79 | 27 (44.3%) | 1.37 | 0.59–3.18 |
a Defined as GAD-7 score 5 or above, at any time point between T1 and T4; b OR = univariate odds ratio; c CI = Confidence interval; d Fear of infection, defined as “somewhat”, “strong” and “very strong”, at any time point between T1and T4; e Health-related quality of life, defined as 0.5 SD below the mean T score of pre-pandemic reference data for children, measured only at T4; f Median for group without anxiety, 12.0 (9.0, 18.0); g Median for group with low fear of infection, 12.0 (9.0, 18.0); h Median for group with normal to high HRQoL, 15.0 (10.0, 18.0); i HH = Household; j At any of the four time points.