Table 3.
Determinants of food insecurity among adults with cardiometabolic conditions in the COVID Impact Survey, a nationally representative survey of the US (n = 4163) (April–June 2020).
| Unadjusted PR | 95% CI | Adjusted PR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| 18–29 | 2.80 | 2.39–3.29 | 1.95 | 1.61–2.36 |
| 30–44 | 2.19 | 1.90–2.52 | 1.99 | 1.72–2.32 |
| 45–49 | 1.48 | 1.27–1.71 | 1.38 | 1.20–1.59 |
| 60+ | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | 1.52 | 1.34–1.70 | 1.16 | 1.05–1.28 |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Married/Living with Partner | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1.40 | 1.22–1.60 | 1.09 | 0.97–1.24 |
| Never Married | 1.92 | 1.67–2.20 | 1.13 | 0.99–1.27 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White, NH | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Black, NH | 1.83 | 1.59–2.10 | 1.21 | 1.05–1.40 |
| Hispanic | 1.84 | 1.57–2.16 | 1.26 | 1.10–1.44 |
| Asian, NH | 1.41 | 0.99–2.01 | 1.43 | 1.00–2.03 |
| Other, NH | 1.32 | 1.03–1.69 | 0.95 | 0.80–1.12 |
| 0.69–1.12 | ||||
| Insurance Type * | ||||
| Purchased Plan | 0.62 | 0.51–0.74 | 0.94 | 0.79–1.12 |
| Employer-Sponsored | 0.45 | 0.39–0.52 | 0.83 | 0.70–0.98 |
| TRICARE | 0.70 | 0.52–0.95 | 0.80 | 0.64–1.00 |
| Medicaid | 3.10 | 2.77–3.48 | 1.77 | 1.48–2.12 |
| Medicare | 0.87 | 0.77–0.98 | 0.76 | 0.59–0.99 |
| Dually Eligible (Medicare and Medicaid) † | 1.99 | 1.79–2.23 | 1.42 | 1.9–1.85 |
| VA | 0.93 | 0.72–1.20 | - | |
| Indian Health Service | 2.69 | 2.44–2.96 | 1.41 | 1.18–1.69 |
| No insurance | 1.66 | 1.39–1.97 | 1.37 | 1.10–1.69 |
| Employment Status | ||||
| Not Employed | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Employed/Self-Employed | 0.64 | 0.55–0.73 | 0.77 | 0.68–0.87 |
| Education | ||||
| No HS Diploma | 3.87 | 3.17–4.72 | 1.51 | 1.23–1.86 |
| HS Graduate | 2.58 | 2.15–3.09 | 1.40 | 1.18–1.67 |
| Some College | 1.97 | 1.65–2.35 | 1.32 | 1.12–1.56 |
| Baccalaureate or above | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Household Income | ||||
| <$30,000 | 7.40 | 5.68–9.64 | 3.28 | 2.46–4.37 |
| $30,000–<$50,000 | 3.70 | 2.78–4.94 | 2.47 | 1.85–3.29 |
| $50,000–<$75,000 | 2.99 | 2.18–4.13 | 2.40 | 1.77–3.25 |
| $75,000–<$100,000 | 2.09 | 1.43–3.07 | 1.95 | 1.39–2.74 |
| ≥$100,000 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | Ref. | - | ||
| Midwest | 0.98 | 0.81–1.18 | ||
| South | 1.01 | 0.85–1.21 | ||
| West | 0.93 | 0.76–1.14 | ||
| Population Density | ||||
| Rural | 1.22 | 1.04–1.43 | 1.10 | 0.97–1.28 |
| Suburban | 0.94 | 0.81–1.09 | 1.03 | 0.91–1.17 |
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. |
* Insurance variables modeled as binary; † Not included in the fully adjusted model due to collinearity with Medicaid; NH is non-Hispanic, HS is high school, and VA is Veterans Administration.