Table 4.
Results.
| Study | Groups (n) | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Todorovic J et al. (2019) [22] | FB-G (311) vs. CG (64) |
PA parameters ^ IPAQ (met/min/week) ↑: FB-G (+14.4); CG (−22.4) |
| Pope ZC et al. (2019) [41] | FBS-G (19) vs. FB-G (19) |
PA parameters ^ SB (min/day) ↓: FBS-G (+2.9); FB-G (−2.1) LPA (min/day) ↑: FBS-G (−6.9); FB-G (+16.3) MVPA (min/day) ↑: FBS-G (+110.7); FB-G (+44.6) Diet parameters ^ Daily Kcaloric consumption (cals) ↓: FBS-G (−0.9); FB-G (−4.6) Daily Fruit intake (cups) ↑: FBS-G (+36.7); FB-G (−7.0) Daily Vegetable intake ↑: FBS-G (+14.5); FB-G (−0.7) Daily Whole Grain intake (oz. equivalents) ↑: FBS-G (+9.8); FB-G (+93.0) Daily SSB Consumption calories ↓: FBS-G (+47.1); FB-G (−7.5) Psychosocial parameters ^ Self-efficacy (sc) ↑: FBS-G (+33.7); FB-G (+28.7) Social-support (sc) ↑: FBS-G (+36.5); FB-G (+19.0) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: FBS-G (+9.3); FB-G (+5.7) Barriers (sc) ↓: FBS-G (−1.7); FB-G (−4.5) Outcome expectancy (sc) ↑: FBS-G (+8.3); FB-G (+7.7) Intrinsic motivation (sc) ↑: FBS-G (+13.7); FB-G (+12.3) Anthropometric parameters ^ Weight (kg) ↓: FBS-G (−0.2); FB-G (−0.5) Body composition ^ BFM (%) ↓: FBS-G (+11.1); FB-G (+1.7) Cardiovascular parameters ^ Cardiorespiratory fitness (heart rate) ↑: FBS-G (+2.6); FB-G (−2.0) |
| Torquati L et al. (2018) [24] | FB-G (47), 6-Mo F-Up (27) |
PA parameters Steps (n/d) ↑: FB-G (−4.2) *, 6-Mo F-up (−6.2) SB (%) ↓: FB-G (−0.9), 6-Mo F-up (+2.1) SB (min) ↓: FB-G (−4.6), 6-Mo F-up (0.0) LPA (%) ↑: FB-G (+2.1), 6-Mo F-up (−1.5) LPA (min) ↑: FB-G (−2.4), 6-Mo F-up (−5.0) MVPA (%) ↑: FB-G (−16.7) *, 6-Mo F-up (0.0) Anthropometric parameters Weight (kg) ↓: FB-G (−0.1), 6-Mo F-up (−7.6) BMI (kg/m2) ↓: FB-G (−0.4), 6-Mo F-up (−7.4) WC (cm) ↓: FB-G (0.0), 6-Mo F-up (−6.6) Cardiovascular parameters SBP (mmHg) ↓: FB-G (−0.4), 6-Mo F-up (−1.6) DBP (mmHg) ↓: FB-G (−1.5), 6-Mo F-up (−3.5) Diet parameters Energy intake (kJ/d) ↓: FB-G (+2.3), 6-Mo F-up (−8.6) ARF score (diet quality) ↑: FB-G (+0.6), 6-Mo F-up (−1.2) Fruits and vegetables (%) ↑: FB-G (+26.5) *, 6-Mo F-up (−9.7) Discretionary food (% energy) ↓: FB-G (−2.9), 6-Mo F-up (−13.7) |
| Looyestyn J et al. (2018) [25] | FB-G (41) vs. PG (48); FB-G 5-Mo F-Up (29) vs. PG 5-Mo F-Up (29) |
PA parameters MVPA (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+52.2) *,**; PG (+25.4) * FB-G 5-Mo F-Up (−2.7); PG 5-Mo F-Up (−31.3) Psychosocial parameters SE of BEM (sc) ↑: FB-G (−7.3); PG (+4.0) FB-G 5-Mo F-Up (+7.2); PG 5-Mo F-Up (−4.7) Exercise attitude (sc) ↑: FB-G (+2.2); PG (+3.0) FB-G 5-Mo F-Up (−1.7); PG 5-Mo F-Up (0.3) Social support and exercise survey (sc) ↑: FB-G (+18.6) *; PG (+2.8) * FB-G 5-Mo F-Up (−12.4); PG 5-Mo F-Up (−4.6) Cardiovascular parameters HR (bpm) ↓: FB-G (−4.5); PG (−6.6) FB-G 5-Mo F-Up (−0.8); PG 5-Mo F-Up (+3.9) |
| Pope ZC et al. (2018) [26] | FB-G (8) |
PA parameters ^ Steps (n/d) ↑: FB-G (+33.6) SB (min/day) ↓: FB-G (−22.8) LPA (min/day) ↑: FB-G (−8.6) MVPA (min/day) ↑: FB-G (+9.7) EE ↑: FB-G (+20.6) Psychosocial parameters ^ Self-efficacy (sc) ↑: FB-G (+3.3) Social-support (sc) ↑: FB-G (+19.9) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: FB-G (+4.7) Barriers (sc) ↓: FB-G (−1.0) Outcome expectancy (sc) ↑: FB-G (−0.3) Anthropometric parameters ^ Weight (kg) ↓: FB-G (−2.9) Body composition ^ BFM (%) ↓: FB-G (−6.2) Cardiovascular parameters ^ Cardiorespiratory fitness (heart rate) ↑: FB-G (0.0) |
| Pope ZC et al. (2018) [26] | FBS-G (12) vs. FB-G (8) |
PA parameters Steps (n/d) ↑: FBS-G (+7.1); FB-G (+7.6) SB (min/day) ↓: FBS-G (+0.5); FB-G (+0.1) LPA (min/day) ↑: FBS-G (+8.2); FB-G (+8.1) MVPA (min/day) ↑: FBS-G (+11.4); FB-G (+25.2) EE ↑: FBS-G (+8); FB-G (+5.7) Psychosocial parameters Self-efficacy (sc) ↑: FBS-G (−10.2); FB-G (−8.2) Social-support (sc) ↑: FBS-G (−10) **; FB-G (+25) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: FBS-G (−3); FB-G (+3.1) Barriers (sc) ↓: FBS-G (0.0) **; FB-G (−14.3) Outcome expectancy (sc) ↑: FBS-G (−4.9); FB-G (0.0) Anthropometric parameters Weight (kg) ↓: FBS-G (+0.4); FB-G (0.0) Body composition BFM (%) ↓: FBS-G (+1.0); FB-G (−2.8) Cardiovascular parameters Cardiorespiratory fitness (heart rate) ↑: FBS-G (−4.3); FB-G (−4.3) |
| Naslund JA et al. (2018) [27] | FB-G (19) |
PA parameters Improved Fitness (>50 m on 6-MWT) ↑: Yes: 4 No: 14 Anthropometric parameters Weight loss (>5%) ↓: Yes: 7 No: 12 |
| Krishnamohan S et al. (2017) [28] | FB-G (22) vs. CG (23) |
PA parameters SB (min/day) ↓: FB-G (+7.4); CG (−6.5) Academic MA (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+32.3); CG (−100) Leisure MA (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+0.9); CG (+35.5) Walking/cycling (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+66.5); CG (+36.1) Academic VA (min/week) ↑: FB-G (0.0); CG (0.0) Leisure VA (min/week) ↑: FB-G (−58.4) *; CG (−47.2) Anthropometric parameters BMI (kg/m2) ↓: FB-G (+0.3); CG (−1.6) * Diet parameters Intake of fruit (d/w) ↑: FB-G (−2.3); CG (+33.3) Intake of fruit (s/d) ↑: FB-G (+28.3); CG (+11.1) Intake of vegetables (d/w) ↑: FB-G (+8.5); CG (−10.5) Intake of vegetables (s/d) ↑: FB-G (0.0); CG (+9.1) Outside meals/week ↓: FB-G (−30.9); CG (+10.5) Intake of junk food (d/w) ↓: FB-G (−39.4) *; CG (−6.9) Intake of junk food (t/d) ↓: FB-G (−33.3) *; CG (0.0) |
| Ashton LM et al. (2017) [29] | FB-G (23) vs. CG (23) |
PA parameters Steps (n/d) ↑ #: FB-G (+20.6) *; CG (+9.3) MVPA (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+39.4) **; CG (+24) Anthropometric parameters Weight (kg) ↓: FB-G (−0.7) **; CG (+1.2) BMI (kg/m2) ↓: FB-G (−0.8) **; CG (+1.2) WC (cm) ↓: FB-G (−1.3) **; CG (+2.2) Body composition BFM (kg) ↓: FB-G (−2.5) **; CG (+5.3) SMM (kg) ↑: FB-G (0); CG (+0.3) Cardiovascular parameters SBP (mmHg) ↓: FB-G (−2); CG (−2.1) DBP (mmHg) ↓: FB-G (−2.3); CG (−1.4) HRrest (bpm) ↓: FB-G (−0.1); CG (−2.8) AI (%) ↓: FB-G (−11.9); CG (−2) Diet parameters Diet quality (ARF total score) ↑: FB-G (+19.2) *; CG (+8.2) Fruit (serves/day) ↑: FB-G (+33.3); CG (+23.1) Vegetables (serves/day) ↑: FB-G (+28.6) **; CG (−2.9) Energy intake (kJ/day) ↓: FB-G (−4.3); CG (−0.7) Proportion of energy from ED-NP foods (%) ↓: FB-G (−24.4) **; CG (−6.2) Proportion of energy from alcohol (%) ↓: FB-G (+11.8); CG (−19.2) Lipid profile and Glucose tolerance Chol-tot (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−10.3) **; CG (0) LDL (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−18.2) **; CG (+5) HDL (mmol/L) ↑: FB-G (0); CG (0) Chol-tot/HDL-C ratio↓: FB-G (−9.1) **; CG (0) TG (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (0); CG (0) |
| Jane M et al. (2017) [30] | FB-G (19) vs. CG (17) |
PA parameters Steps (n/d) ↑: FB-G (+28.5) Energy expenditure (kJ/die) ↑: FB-G (−1.7); CG (+1.5) Anthropometrics parameters Weight (kg) ↓: FB-G (−4.8) **; CG (−1.6) BMI (kg/m2) ↓: FB-G (−4.6) **; CG (−1.5) WC (cm) ↓: FB-G (−4.7) **; CG (−1.8) HC (cm) ↓: FB-G (−2.9); CG (−1.3) Body composition BFM (%) ↓: FB-G (−2.6) **; CG (−0.6) Lean Mass (%) ↑: FB-G (+1.1) **; CG (+0.2) Cardiovascular parameters SBP (mmHg) ↓: FB-G (−2.3); CG (+2.8) DBP (mmHg) ↓: FB-G (−0.7); CG (+1.6) Lipid profile and Glucose tolerance Chol-tot (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−3.4); CG (+1.8) LDL (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−5.3); CG (0) HDL (mmol/L) ↑: FB-G (0); CG (+6.7) TG (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−15.4); CG (+8.3) Fasting glucose (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−7.3); CG (+6.9) Insulin (mU/L) ↓: FB-G (−1); CG (+1.2) Diet parameters Energy Intake (kJ/day) ↓: FB-G (−18.3); CG (−13.7) Carbohydrate (%): FB-G (−3); CG (+0.1) Protein (%): FB-G (+4.8); CG (+1.3) Fat (%): FB-G (−2); CG (−0.9) Alcohol (%) ↓: FB-G (−0.5); CG (−0.6) Fibre (g): FB-G (−1.7); CG (−1.8) |
| FB-G (19) vs. PG (18) |
PA parameters Steps (n/d) ↑: FB-G (+28.5); PG (+10.7) Energy expenditure (kJ/die) ↑: FB-G (−1.7); PG (−9.8) Anthropometrics parameters Weight (kg) ↓: FB-G (−4.8); PG (−4.2) BMI (kg/m2) ↓: FB-G (−4.6); PG (−4) WC (cm) ↓: FB-G (−4.7); PG (−3.1) HC (cm) ↓: FB-G (−2.9); PG (−2.8) Body composition BFM (%) ↓: FB-G (−2.6); PG (−1.4) Lean Mass (%) ↑: FB-G (+1.1); PG (+0.6) Cardiovascular parameters SBP (mmHg) ↓: FB-G (−2.3); PG (−0.2) DBP (mmHg) ↓: FB-G (−0.7); PG (−0.1) Lipid profile and Glucose tolerance Chol-tot (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−3.4); PG (−1.7) LDL (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−5.3); PG (−2.7) HDL (mmol/L) ↑: FB-G (0); PG (0) TG (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−15.4); PG (+36.4) Fasting glucose (mmol/L) ↓: FB-G (−7.3) **; PG (−6.5) Insulin (mU/L) ↓: FB-G (−1); PG (+11.4) Diet parameters Energy Intake (kJ/day) ↓: FB-G (−18.3); PG (−13) Carbohydrate (%): FB-G (−3); PG (−3.2) Protein (%): FB-G (+4.8); PG (+3.2) Fat (%): FB-G (−2); PG (0) Alcohol (%) ↓: FB-G (−0.5); PG (−0.3) Fibre (g): FB-G (−1.7); PG (+2.4) |
|
| PG (18) vs. CG (17) |
PA parameters Steps (n/d) ↑: PG (+10.7); Energy expenditure (kJ/die) ↑: PG (−9.8); CG (+1.5) Anthropometrics parameters Weight (kg) ↓: PG (−4.2) **; CG (−1.6) BMI (kg/m2) ↓: PG (−4); CG (−1.5) WC (cm) ↓: PG (−3.1); CG (−1.8) HC (cm) ↓: PG (−2.8); CG (−1.3) Body composition BFM (%) ↓: PG (−1.4); CG (−0.6) Lean Mass (%) ↑: PG (+0.6); CG (+0.2) Cardiovascular parameters SBP (mmHg) ↓: PG (−0.2); CG (+2.8) DBP (mmHg) ↓: PG (−0.1); CG (+1.6) Lipid profile and Glucose tolerance Chol-tot (mmol/L) ↓: PG (−1.7); CG (+1.8) LDL (mmol/L) ↓: PG (−2.7); CG (0) HDL (mmol/L) ↑: PG (0); CG (+6.7) TG (mmol/L) ↓: PG (+36.4); CG (+8.3) Fasting glucose (mmol/L) ↓: PG (−6.5) **; CG (+6.9) Insulin (mU/L) ↓: PG (+11.4); CG (+1.2) Diet parameters Energy Intake (kJ/day) ↓: PG (−13); CG (−13.7) Carbohydrate (%): PG (−3.2); CG (+0.1) Protein (%): PG (+3.2); CG (+1.3) Fat (%): PG (0); CG (−0.9) Alcohol (%) ↓: PG (−0.3); CG (−0.6) Fibre (g): PG (+2.4) **; CG (−1.8) |
|
| Willis EA et al. (2017) [31] | FB-G (34) vs. PhC-G (36) |
PA parameters Steps per day (num)(a) ↑: FB-G (7050.6 ± 3332.1); PhC-G (6810.7 ± 2852.4) PA (min)(a) ↑: FB-G (103.1 ± 149.7); PhC-G (118.8 ± 91.1) Accelerometer (counts/min) ↑: FB-G (+7.6); PhC-G (+6.9) Met calorie goal (%) ↑: FB-G (22 ± 21.2); PhC-G (44 ± 26.2) ** Complete weekly reports (%) ↑: FB-G (34.7 ± 28.9); PhC-G (37.6 ± 27.4) Anthropometric parameters Weight (kg) ↓: FB-G (−5.8); PhC-G (−6.3) BMI (kg/m2) ↓: FB-G (−6); PhC-G (−5.9) WC (cm) ↓: FB-G (−9.7); PhC-G (−3.5) Categories of weight change (%) Gained: FB-G (11.8); PhC-G (11.1) Lost 0 to 4.9%: FB-G (38.2); PhC-G (30.6) Lost 5 to 9.9%: FB-G (17.7); PhC-G (33.3) Lost >10%: FB-G (14.7); PhC-G (13.9) Diet parameters Kcal/die ↓: FB-G (−24.9); PhC-G (−22.9) Carbohydrate (g): FB-G (−16.1); PhC-G (−23.1) Protein (g): FB-G (−15.8); PhC-G (−10.8) Fat (g): FB-G (−36.2); PhC-G (−22.5) |
| Joseph RP et al. (2015) [32] | FB-G (14) vs. PG (15) |
PA parameters Weekly steps (num) ↑: FB-G (−16); PG (−18.9) Sedentary (0–99 ctm) ↓: FB-G (−0.9) **; PG (+1.5) Light activity (100–759 ctm) ↑: FB-G (+7.8) **; PG (+5) Moderate-lifestyle (760–1951 ctm) ↑: FB-G (+6.1) **; PG (−7.3) Moderate activity (1952–5725 ctm) ↑: FB-G (−7.4); PG (+2.3) Vigorous activity (>5725 ctm) ↑: FB-G (+500); PG (−50) Total moderate-to-vigorous activity (>1951 ctm) ↑: FB-G (−5.7); PG (−0.7) Moderate-to-vigorous activity in 10 min bouts or greater (>1951 ctm) ↑: FB-G (+18.2); PG (+9.1) Exercise vital sign (minutes/week) ↑: FB-G (+68.1) *,**; PG (+6.9) Psychosocial parameters Outcome expectations (sc) ↑: FB-G (+3.5); PG (+6.6) ** Self-regulation (sc) ↑: FB-G (+89.9) *,**; PG (+55.1) * Self-efficacy (sc) ↑: FB-G (+4.2); PG (+6.5) Social support from friends (sc) ↑: FB-G (+28.1); PG (+11.4) Social support from family (sc) ↑: FB-G (+30.8) *,**; PG (+14.6) Anthropometric parameters BMI (kg/m2) ↓: FB-G (−0.2); PG (+1) |
| Rote AE et al. (2015) [33] | FB-G (27) vs. SWI-G (26) |
PA parameters Mean weekly steps per day (n) ↑: FB-G (+135.5) *,**; SWI-G (+81.2) * |
| Maher C et al. (2015) [18] | FB-G (51) vs. CG (59); FB-G 20-week F-Up (44) vs. CG 20-week F-Up (52) |
PA parameters PA time (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+89.2) **; CG (+40.6) FB-G 20-week F-Up (−28.8); CG 20-week F-Up (−14.3) Walking time (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+161.4) **; CG (+45.5) FB-G 20-week F-Up (−50.3); CG 20-week F-Up (−16.9) Moderate PA (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+46); CG (+47.8) FB-G 20-week F-Up (−47.9); CG 20-week F-Up (−36.8) Vigorous PA (min/week) ↑: FB-G (+50); CG (+31.7) FB-G 20-week F-Up (+14.1); CG 20-week F-Up (−1.2) |
| Wang CKJ et al. (2015) [34] | FB3h-G (14) vs. FB1h-G (24) |
PA parameters Short form IPAQ (met/min/week) ↑: FB3h-G (+33.5) *; FB1h-G (+4.2) Psychosocial parameters Autonomy (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (−4.9); FB1h-G (+4.8) Competence (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+12) *; FB1h-G (+20.8) ** Relatedness (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+8); FB1h-G (+4) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (0); FB1h-G (+13.7) * Vitality (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+9.9); FB1h-G (+8.9) |
| FB3h-G (14) vs. EG (17) |
PA parameters Short form IPAQ (met/min/week) ↑: FB3h-G (+33.5) *; EG (+20.5) * Psychosocial parameters Autonomy (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (−4.9); EG (−3.5) Competence (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+12) *.**; EG (+10.7) * Relatedness (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+8); EG (−2) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (0); EG (0) Vitality (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+9.9); EG (+9.1) |
|
| FB3h-G (14) vs. CG (7) |
PA parameters Short form IPAQ (met/min/week) ↑: FB3h-G (+33.5) *; CG (+18.5) Psychosocial parameters Autonomy (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (−4.9); CG (+3.2) Competence (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+12) *; CG (+5.5) Relatedness (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+8); CG (−4.8) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (0); CG (+14.1) Vitality (sc) ↑: FB3h-G (+9.9); CG (+9.1) |
|
| FB1h-G (24) vs. EG (17) |
PA parameters Short form IPAQ (met/min/week) ↑: FB1h-G (+4.2); EG (+20.5) * Psychosocial parameters Autonomy (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (−4.8); EG (−3.5) Competence (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (+20.8) **; EG (+10.7) * Relatedness (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (+4); EG (−2) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (+13.7) *; EG (0) Vitality (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (+8.9); EG (+9.1) |
|
| FB1h-G (24) vs. CG (7) |
PA parameters Short form IPAQ (met/min/week) ↑: FB1h-G (+4.2); CG (+18.5) Psychosocial parameters Autonomy (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (−4.8); CG (+3.2) Competence (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (+20.8); CG (+5.5) Relatedness (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (+4); CG (−4.8) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (+13.7) *,**; CG (+14.1) Vitality (sc) ↑: FB1h-G (+8.9); CG (+9.1) |
|
| EG (17) vs. CG (7) |
PA parameters Short form IPAQ (met/min/week) ↑: EG (+20.5) *; CG (+18.5) Psychosocial parameters Autonomy (sc) ↑: EG (−3.5); CG (+3.2) Competence (sc) ↑: EG (+10.7) *; CG (+5.5) Relatedness (sc) ↑: EG (−2); CG (−4.8) Enjoyment (sc) ↑: EG (0); CG (+14.1) Vitality (sc) ↑: EG (+9.1); CG (+9.1) |
|
| Chee HP et al. (2014) [35] | FB-G (35) vs. PG (85); FB-G 2-month F-Up (35) vs. PG 2-month F-Up (85) |
PA parameters Step per day (num) # ↑: FB-G (+84.5) *,**; PG (+13.2) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (+58.1) *,**; PG 2-month F-Up (+9.6) * Anthropometric parameters Weight (kg) # ↓: FB-G (−7.3) *; PG (−1.1) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−4.4) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−0.5) * BMI (kg/m2) # ↓: FB-G (−7.4) *; PG (−1) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−4.4); PG 2-month F-Up (−0.5) WC (cm) # ↓: FB-G (−4.5) *; PG (−0.7) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−2.7) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−0.3) * HC (cm) # ↓: FB-G (−2.4) *; PG (−0.4) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−1.4) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−0.2) * WHR (sc) # ↓: FB-G (−2.3) *; PG (−1.1) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−1.1) *; PG 2-month F-Up (0.0) * Body composition BFM (kg) # ↓: FB-G (−22.7) *; PG (−3.9) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−14.1); PG 2-month F-Up (−2.7) BFM (%) # ↓: FB-G (−17.1) *,**; PG (−3) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−10.4) *,**; PG 2-month F-Up (−2.2) * Lipid profile and Glucose tolerance Chol.tot (mmol/L) # ↓: FB-G (−14.4) *; PG (−3.6) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−9.6) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−1.7) * LDL (mmol/L) # ↓: FB-G (−21.4) *; PG (−4.9) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−14.5) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−1.8) * HDL (mmol/L) # ↑: FB-G (+15.8) *; PG (+3.6) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (9.2) *; PG 2-month F-Up (1.8) * Triglycerides (mmol/L) # ↓: FB-G (−34.9) *; PG (−7) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−19.7) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−4.8) * Fasting glucose (mmol/L) # ↓: FB-G (−18.1) *; PG (−3.2) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−11.7) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−0.8) * Cardiovascular parameters SBP (mmHg) # ↓: FB-G (−5.1) *; PG (−0.9) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−3.1) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−0.5) * DBP (mmHg) # ↓: FB-G (−6.2) *; PG (−1.2) * FB-G 2-month F-Up (−3.8) *; PG 2-month F-Up (−0.6) * |
| Valle CG et al. (2013) [36] | FB-G.fit (32) vs. FB-G.com (34) |
PA parameters MVPA (min/week) ↑: FB-G.fit(+51.1) *; FB-G.com(+38.9) * LPA (min/week) ↑: FB-G.fit(+197.1) *,**; FB-G.com(+25.3) Total PA (min/week) ↑: FB-G.fit(+112) *; FB-G.com(+33.4) * Anthropometric parameters Weight (kg) ↓: FB-G.fit(−7.8) *; FB-G.com(−1.9) BMI (kg/m2) ↓: FB-G.fit(−6.3) *; FB-G.com(−1.4) |
| Cavallo N et al. (2012) [37] | FB-G (67) vs. CG (67) |
PA parameters PA total (kcal) ↑: FB-G (+45.5) *; CG (+31.8) PA light (kcal) ↑: FB-G (+5.8); CG (+138.3) PA moderate (kcal) ↑: FB-G (+213.2) *; CG (+105.9) PA heavy (kcal) ↑: FB-G (+96.5) *; CG (+142.5) |
Results are shown as (Δ%), except for (a) that are represented as number. Abbreviations: p < 0.05 * within group comparison, ** between groups comparison; #: significant difference at baseline (both for post intervention and follow up); ^: no inferential statistics; ↑ or ↓ indicate the desirable direction; (n) indicates the analyzed sample. FB-G: Facebook group; CG: control group; PG: paper group; FB+S-G: Facebook + smartwatch group; PhC-G: phone conference group; EG: exercise group; TM-G: text message group; SWI-G: Standard Walking Intervention Group; PA: physical activity; BMI: Body Mass Index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ARF: Australian Recommended Food; MVPA: Moderate to vigorous physical activity; LPA: light physical activity; MA: moderate activity; VA: vigorous activity; HR: heart rate; SB: sedentary behavior; EE: energy expenditure; 6-MWT: 6-min walking test; BFM: body fat mass; SMM: skeletal muscle mass; AI: Augmentation index; Chol-tot: cholesterol total; LDL; low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; HC: hip circumference; IPAQ: International physical activity questionnaire; WHR: waist-hip ratio; SSB: sugar-sweetened beverages; n/d: number of steps per day; F-Up: follow up; sc: score; SE of BEM: Self Efficacy of Barriers to Exercise Measure; d/w: days/week; s/d: servings/day; t/d: times/day; ED-NP foods: Energy-Dense, Nutrient poor foods; ctm: count per minutes.