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. 2022 Aug 19;19(16):10339. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191610339

Table 1.

Current characteristics of the participants at questionnaire based on GDM (N = 702).

Characteristics Without GDM (N = 666) * With GDM
(N = 36)
Missing/PNA/DN on Diabetes History
(N = 194)
p-Value *
Age year (mean ± SD) 33.0 ± 7.5 36.5 ± 8.5 36.5 ± 8.3 0.022
BMI, year (kg/m2 ± SD) 27.5 ± 5.8 31.2 ± 6.0 28.7 ± 6.3 0.002
BMI levels, n (%) 0.008
 Normal or below (<25 kg/m2) 201 (30.2) 4 (11.1) 29 (15.0)
 Overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2) 194 (29.1) 9 (25.0) 48 (24.7)
 Obese (30+ kg/m2) 160 (24.0) 17 (47.2) 43 (22.2)
 Missing 111 (16.7) 6 (16.7) 74 (38.1)
Marital status, n (%) 0.148
 Married 545 (81.8) 34 (94.4) 163 (84.0)
 Divorced or separated 111 (16.7) 2 (5.6) 27 (13.9)
 Widow or widower 10 (1.5) 0 (0) 4 (2.1)
Urbanicity, n (%) 0.696
 Rural or other non–urbans 61 (9.2) 2 (5.6) 9 (4.6)
 Urban (city) 547 (82.1) 30 (83.3) 87 (44.9)
 Missing/PNA/DN 58 (8.7) 4 (11.1) 98 (50.5)
Education attainment, n (%) 0.002
 6 years of schooling or below 20 (3.0) 5 (13.9) 67 (34.5)
 >6–12 years of schooling 235 (35.3) 13 (36.1) 46 (23.7)
 >12 years of schooling 411 (61.7) 18 (50.0) 81 (41.8)
Current overal health, n (%) 0.010
 Poor or fair 152 (22.8) 15 (41.7) 177 (91.24)
 Good or excellent 514 (77.2) 21 (58.3) 17 (8.76)
With poly–cystic ovarian syndrome history, n (%) 0.237
 No 460 (69.1) 21 (58.3) 6 (3.1)
 Yes 127 (19.1) 11 (30.6) 4 (2.1)
 Missing/PNA/DN 79 (11.9) 4 (11.1) 184 (94.9)

* Compares without and with GDM groups using the t-test for continuous variables and the χ2 for categorical variables.