Table 2.

Early-life characteristics of the participants based on GDM (N = 702).

Maternal Early-Life Factors	Without GDM (N = 666) *	With GDM (N = 36)	Missing/PNA/DN on Diabetes History (N = 194)	p-Value *
Own birthweight, n (%)				0.043
2.5+ kg (normal birthweight)	209 (31.4)	5 (13.9)	8 (4.1)
<2.5 kg (low birthweight)	96 (14.4)	9 (25.0)	1 (0.5)
Missing/PNA/DN	361 (54.2)	22 (61.1)	185 (95.4)
Parental smoking at birth, n (%)				0.709
No	451 (67.7)	22 (61.1)	14 (7.2)
Yes	201 (30.2)	13 (36.1)	6 (3.1)
Missing/PNA/DN	14 (2.1)	1 (2.8)	174 (89.7)
Urbanicity at birth, n (%)				0.654
Rural or other non-urbans	115 (17.3)	5 (13.9)	18 (9.3)
Urban (city)	390 (58.6)	20 (55.6)	59 (30.4)
Missing/PNA/DN	161 (24.2)	11 (30.6)	117 (60.3)
Ever-breasfed history, n (%)				0.976
No	68 (10.2)	4 (11.1)	1 (0.5)
Yes	528 (79.3)	28 (77.8)	19 (9.8)
Missing/PNA/DN	70 (10.5)	4 (11.1)	174 (89.7)
Parental education, n (%)				0.163
6 years of schooling or below	88 (13.2)	8 (22.2)	3 (1.6)
>6–12 years of schooling	90 (13.5)	6 (16.7)	11 (5.7)
>12 years of schooling	89 (13.4)	7 (19.4)	7 (3.6)
Missing/PNA/DN	399 (59.9)	15 (41.7)	173 (89.2)
Overal health up to 10 years old, n (%)				0.307
Poor or fair	59 (8.9)	5 (13.9)	19 (9.8)
Good or excellent	607 (91.1)	31 (86.1)	1 (0.5)
Missing/PNA/DN			174 (89.7)
Body size at 10 years of age, n (%)				0.971
About average	225 (33.8)	11 (30.6)	9 (4.6)
Thinner	326 (49.0)	18 (50.0)	9 (4.6)
Plumper	62 (9.3)	4 (11.1)	2 (1.0)
Missing/PNA/DN	53 (8.0)	3 (8.3)	174 (89.7)
Body height at 10 years of age, n (%)				0.206
About average	355 (53.3)	19 (52.8)	12 (6.2)
Shorter	123 (18.5)	9 (25.0)	6 (3.1)
Taller	134 (20.1)	3 (8.3)	2 (1.0)
Missing/PNA/DN	54 (8.1)	5 (13.9)	174 (89.7)
Parental history with diabetes, n (%)				0.007
No	238 (35.7)	5 (13.9)
Yes	428 (64.3)	31 (86.1)	13 (6.7)
Missing/PNA/DN			181 (93.3)

* Compares without and with GDM groups using the t-test for continuous variables and the χ² for categorical variables.