Table 1.
Participant body composition.
| CT | EX | Interaction | Main Effects (Group) | Main Effects (Intervention) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | p | Partial Eta Square (η2p) | p | Partial Eta Square (η2p) | p | Partial Eta Square (η2p) | |
| Age (years) | 22 (1) | 22 (1) | 24 (4) | 24 (4) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Height (m) | 1.72 (0.06) | 1.72 (0.06) | 1.72 (0.06) | 1.72 (0.06) | 0.320 | 0.062 | 0.853 | 0.002 | 0.392 | 0.046 |
| Body mass index (kg·m−2) | 23.1 (3.5) | 23.3 (3.3) | 21.8 (2.9) | 22.1 (2.8) | 0.746 | 0.007 | 0.410 | 0.043 | 0.074 | 0.186 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 19.7 (9.0) | 20.0 (9.0) | 18.8 (5.6) | 17.9 (5.1) | 0.109 | 0.152 | 0.677 | 0.011 | 0.387 | 0.047 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 30.7 (4.0) | 30.9 (3.8) | 29.3 (4.5) | 30.2 (4.4) | 0.016 | 0.313 | 0.581 | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.561 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.0 (7.7) | 79.5 (7.1) | 74.9 (8.7) | 76.9 (7.1) | 0.752 | 0.006 | 0.433 | 0.039 | 0.056 | 0.210 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 39.9 (27.5) | 44.2 (30.5) | 42.1 (48.4) | 35.9 (23.7) | 0.264 | 0.123 | 0.714 | 0.014 | 0.573 | 0.033 |
| BAT-d (μM) | 74.1 (19.7) | 85.4 (26.0) | 76.4 (28.2) | 78.6 (24.7) | 0.180 | 0.109 | 0.847 | 0.002 | 0.052 | 0.217 |
| [Total-Hb]delt (µM) | 101.0 (24.0) | 92.5 (19.4) | 98.8 (20.7) | 98.9 (15.3) | 0.184 | 0.107 | 0.817 | 0.003 | 0.200 | 0.100 |
| [Total-Hb]sub (µM) | 41.2 (33.3) | 36.9 (27.2) | 32.8 (20.0) | 35.7 (20.3) | 0.232 | 0.088 | 0.691 | 0.010 | 0.806 | 0.004 |
Mean (standard deviation (SD)). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess the pre- and post-intervention changes between the two groups. BAT-d: total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region as a parameter of brown-like adipose tissue vascular density; [Total-Hb]delt: total hemoglobin concentration in the deltoid muscle as a parameter of control region; [Total-Hb]sub: total hemoglobin concentration in the abdominal subcutaneous fat as a parameter of control region.