Table 1.
Demographics of the study participants.
| Variable * | Total, n = 144 | FLHCW, n = 70 | NFLHCW, n = 74 | p-Value ** | ES *** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.60 | 0.05 | |||
| Male | 42 (29%) | 22 (31%) | 20 (27%) | ||
| Female | 102 (71%) | 48 (69%) | 54 (73%) | ||
| Marital status | 0.20 | 0.11 | |||
| Single | 12 (8%) | 8 (11%) | 4 (5%) | ||
| Married | 132 (92%) | 62 (89%) | 70 (95%) | ||
| Professional background | 0.60 | 0.09 | |||
| Other HCWs | 32 (22%) | 17 (24%) | 15 (20%) | ||
| Nurses | 70 (49%) | 31 (44%) | 39 (53%) | ||
| Physicians | 42 (29%) | 22 (32%) | 20 (27%) | ||
| Age (years) | 39.44 ± 9.24 | 39.46 ± 9.00 | 39.42 ± 9.52 | 0.98 | −0.01 |
Notes: * Frequency count and (%) OR Mean ± SD. ** Independent samples t-test or Pearson’s Chi2, significant at p < 0.05. *** ES = effect size for categorical variables, Cramer’s V effect sizes were provided, and for continuous variables, Cohen’s d. FLHCW = frontline healthcare workers; NFLHCW = non-frontline healthcare workers; HCW = healthcare worker; PSQI = Pittsburgh sleep quality index; PSS-10 = perceived stress scale; T1 is baseline = initial COVID-19 outbreak; T2 is post = after two years of the initial COVID-19 outbreak.