Table 2.
Descriptive results of the study participants.
| Variable * | Total, n = 144 | FLHCW, n = 70 | NFLHCW, n = 74 | p-Value ** | ES *** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor sleep quality (T1) | |||||
| PSQI ≥ 5 | 110 (76%) | 57 (81%) | 53 (72%) | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| PSQI ≥ 6 | 96 (67%) | 49 (70%) | 47 (64%) | 0.4 | 0.07 |
| PSQI ≥ 7 | 78 (54%) | 40 (57%) | 38 (51%) | 0.5 | 0.06 |
| Poor sleep quality (T2) | |||||
| PSQI ≥ 5 | 117 (81%) | 55 (79%) | 62 (84%) | 0.4 | 0.07 |
| PSQI ≥ 6 | 103 (72%) | 48 (69%) | 55 (74%) | 0.45 | 0.07 |
| PSQI ≥ 7 | 85 (59%) | 42 (60%) | 43 (58%) | 0.8 | 0.02 |
| Stress level (T1) | 0.20 | 0.16 | |||
| Low | 21 (15%) | 8 (12%) | 13 (18%) | ||
| Moderate | 91 (63%) | 42 (60%) | 49 (66%) | ||
| Severe | 32 (22%) | 20 (28%) | 12 (16%) | ||
| Stress level (T2) | 0.35 | 0.12 | |||
| Low | 32 (22%) | 14 (20%) | 18 (24%) | ||
| Moderate | 84 (58%) | 39 (56%) | 45 (61%) | ||
| Severe | 28 (20%) | 17 (24%) | 11 (15%) | ||
| PSQI (T1) | 7.25 ± 3.29 | 7.57 ± 3.42 | 6.95 ± 3.16 | 0.26 | −0.19 |
| PSQI (T2) | 7.56 ± 3.26 | 7.57 ± 3.36 | 7.54 ± 3.19 | 0.96 | −0.01 |
| PSS-10 (T1) | 21.13 ± 7.41 | 21.86 ± 7.08 | 20.45 ± 7.70 | 0.26 | −0.19 |
| PSS-10 (T2) | 19.85 ± 7.73 | 20.46 ± 7.41 | 19.28 ± 8.02 | 0.36 | −0.15 |
Notes: * Frequency count and (%) OR Mean ± SD. ** Independent samples t-test or Pearson’s Chi2, significant at p < 0.05. *** ES = effect size for categorical variables, Cramer’s V effect sizes were provided, and for continuous variables, Cohen’s d. FLHCW = frontline healthcare workers; NFLHCW = non-frontline healthcare workers; HCW = healthcare worker; PSQI = Pittsburgh sleep quality index; PSS-10 = perceived stress scale; T1 is baseline = initial COVID-19 outbreak; T2 is post = after two years of the initial COVID-19 outbreak.