Table 4.
Association between selected predictive variables and the change in sleep quality scores and stress scores of the study participants.
| Dependent Variable | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Variables * | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Δ PSQI | Δ PSS-10 | |||
| β | p-Value ** | β | p-Value ** | |
| Age | 0.01 | 0.45 | −0.01 | 0.61 |
| PSQI (T1) | −0.13 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.83 |
| PSS-10 (T1) | −0.01 | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.32 |
| Sex | −0.31 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.40 |
| Marital status | 0.68 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.44 |
| Professional background | −0.05 | 0.81 | −0.02 | 0.90 |
| Frontline HCWs | −0.48 | 0.08 | −0.24 | 0.41 |
Notes: * Multiple linear regression. The dependent variable in model 1 and model 2 are changes in PSQI and changes in PSS-10. The independent variables in both models were: age, PSQI (T1), PSS-10 (T1), sex, marital status, professional background and frontline status. ** Significant at p < 0.05. HCW = healthcare worker; PSQI = Pittsburgh sleep quality index; PSS-10 = perceived stress scale; T1 is baseline = initial COVID-19 outbreak; T2 is post = after two years of the initial COVID-19 outbreak. Δ = change is defined as T2–T1. β = unstandardized betas.