Table A1.

Measurement Items.

Fear of COVID-19 (FCV) Adapted from Ahorsu, Lin, Imani, Saffari, Griffiths, and Pakpour [77]
FCV_1	I am most afraid of the novel coronavirus.
FCV_2	It makes me uncomfortable to think about the novel coronavirus.
FCV_3	My hands become sweaty when I think about COVID-19.
FCV_4	I am afraid of losing my life because of COVID-19.
FCV_5	When watching news and stories about the novel coronavirus on social media or any other media (i.e., TV, radio), I become nervous or anxious.
FCV_6	I cannot sleep because I am worried about getting the novel coronavirus.
FCV_7	My heart races or palpitates when I think about getting COVID-19.
Learning Stress (LS) adapted from Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein [80]; Yang and Chen [78]; and Rabaglietti, Lattke, Tesauri, Settanni, and De Lorenzo [79]
LS_1	Since the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt nervous and stressed in learning?
LS_2	Since the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you dealt successfully with irritating study hassles?
LS_3	Since the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt that you were effectively coping with important changes that were occurring in learning?
LS_4	Since the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your learning problems?
LS_5	Since the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you been able to control irritations in your study?
LS_6	Since the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt that you were on top of things in learning?
Learning Involvement (LIN) adapted from Yang, Zhou, and Cheng [44] and Jiang, Chan, Tan, and Chua [81]
LIN_1	I think learning is unimportant/important.
LIN_2	I think learning is means nothing/means a lot.
LIN_3	I think learning is worthless/valuable.
LIN_4	I think learning is boring/interesting.
LIN_5	I think learning is unexciting/exciting.
LIN_6	I think learning is unappealing/appealing.
Academic Concerns (AC) adapted from Al-Maskari, Al-Riyami, and Kunjumuhammed [14]
AC_1	You were concerned that you would not be able to complete the academic semester.
AC_2	My university/college workload has significantly increased during the pandemic.
AC_3	You were concerned that you would not be able to graduate on time.
Psychological Well-Being (PWB) adapted from the World Health Organization [82]
PWB_1	I have felt cheerful and in good spirits.
PWB_2	I have felt calm and relaxed.
PWB_3	I have felt active and vigorous.
PWB_4	I woke up feeling fresh and rested.
Academic Self-Efficacy (ASE) adapted from Roche, Manzi, Ndubuizu, and Baker [83]
ASE_1	I can learn what is being taught in class this semester.
ASE_2	Once I have decided to accomplish something that is important to me, I keep trying to accomplish it, even if it is harder than I thought.
ASE_3	I am confident that I will achieve the goals that I set for myself.
ASE_4	When I am struggling to accomplish something difficult, I focus on my progress instead of feeling discouraged.
ASE_5	I believe hard work pays off.
ASE_6	My ability grows with effort.
ASE_7	I believe that the brain can be developed like a muscle.
ASE_8	I think that no matter who you are, you can significantly change your level of talent.
ASE_9	I can change my basic level of ability considerably.