Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical variables in healthy controls (HC) and subjects with Long COVID divided into those with normal, moderately low and very low health-related quality of life (QoL) scores as measured with the Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Abridged Version (WHO-QoL).
| Parameter | Normal WHO-QoL A
n = 42 |
Moderate Low WHO-QoL B n = 37 |
Very Low WHO-QoL C n = 46 |
F/χ2 | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO-QoL, physical * | 27.46 ± 0.66 B,C | 21.60 ± 0.51 A,C | 16.83 ± 0.49 A,B | 66.83 | 2/114 | <0.001 |
| WHO-QoL, psychological * | 25.70 ± 0.57 B,C | 21.40 ± 0.43 A,C | 16.43 ± 0.42 A,B | 77.50 | 2/114 | <0.001 |
| WHO-QoL, social * | 11.92 ± 0.43 | 10.58 ± 0.33 | 10.56 ± 0.32 | 2.50 | 2/114 | 0.086 |
| WHO-QoL, environment * | 33.60 ± 0.71 B,C | 26.78 ± 0.54 A,C | 22.89 ± 0.53 A,B | 54.03 | 2/114 | <0.001 |
| PC 4 WHO-QoL domains * | 1.121 ± 0.087 | −0.124 ± 0.066 | −0.924 ± 0.064 | 135.31 | 2/114 | <0.001 |
| HC/Long COVID | 38/4 | 1/36 | 0/46 | FFHE | <0.001 | |
| Age (years) | 28.0 ± 7.4 | 29.3 ± 6.5 | 27.9 ± 5.9 | 0.35 | 2/127 | 0.706 |
| Female/Male ratio | 19/23 | 15/22 | 20/26 | 0.18 | 2 | 0.914 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.84 ± 4.08 | 25.83 ± 3.53 | 26.21 ± 5.23 | 0.05 | 2/127 | 0.950 |
| Education (years) | 15.0 ±1.2 B,C | 15.8 ± 1.9 A,C | 15.6 ± 1.7 A,B | 9.99 | 2/127 | <0.001 |
| Married/Single (No/Yes) | 19/23 | 21/31 | 15/21 | 0.23 | 2 | 0.901 |
| Rural/Urban (No/Yes) | 8/34 | 8/29 | 7/39 | 0.58 | 2 | 0.749 |
| TUD (No/Yes) | 29/13 | 24/13 | 32/14 | 2.40 | 2 | 0.887 |
| Vaccination A/Pf/S | 9/23/10 | 5/23/9 | 15/23/8 | 4.46 | 4 | 0.347 |
| Dexamethasone (No/Yes) | 39/3 | 24/13 | 23/23 | 19.17 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Ceftriaxone (No/Yes) | 41/1 | 18/19 | 16/30 | 38.94 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Azithromycine (No/Yes) | 38/4 | 17/20 | 25/21 | 19.87 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Enoxaparin sodium (No/Yes) | 38/4 | 4/33 | 8/38 | 67.52 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Bromhexine (No/Yes) | 39/3 | 10/27 | 8/38 | 57.71 | 2 | <0.001 |
Data are shown as mean (SD) (except: * shown as estimated marginal means and SE after adjusting for confounders) or as ratios. F: results of analysis of variance; χ2: results of analysis of contingency tables; FFHE: Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact test. A, B, C: Pairwise comparison among group means. BMI: body mass index, TUD: tobacco use disorder, vaccination A/Pf/S: AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Sinopharm.