Table 2.
Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) Values of Neck and Shoulder in Volunteers/Patients with and without Neck/shoulder Pain.
| Authors | Object of Study/Subject | Areas of PPT Examination | Device (Units) | PPT Values in Patients/People with Neck and Shoulder Pain; Mean (±SD) | PPT Values in Healthy Volunteers/Control; Mean (±SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arjona Retamal JJ et al. | 2021 | Chronic neck pain | Upper trapezius | Digital algometer (kg/cm2) (FPX 25, Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT) |
Upper trapezius: 1.35–1.56 | none |
| Leon Hernández JV et al. | 2021 | Chronic neck pain | Upper trapezius | Digital algometer (kg/cm2) (Wagner Ins, greenwich, CT, USA) |
Uppe tripezius: 4.11–4.14 | none |
| Stieven FF et al. | 2021 | Chronic neck pain | Upper trapezius | Digital algometer (kgf) (FPX 25, Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT) |
Upper trapezius: 1.35–1.46 | none |
| Oliveira AK et al. | 2021 | Chronic neck pain | Upper trapezius | Algometer (kg/cm2) (PTR-300 model, Instrutherm, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) |
Upper trapezius: 1.44–1.76 | none |
| Grimby-Ekman A et al. | 2020 | Chronic neck-shoulder pain | Upper trapezius | Distal algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Farsta, Sweden) |
Upper trapezius: 376–411 | Upper trapezius: 335–436 |
| Heredia-Rizo AM et al. | 2020 | Neck-shoulder pain | Upper trapezius | Electronic pressure algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Horby, Sweden) |
Upper trapezius: 226.1 ± 103.2 (177.8–274.4) |
Upper trapezius: 282.2 ± 109.4 |
| Arias-Buria JL et al. | 2020 | Mechanical neck pain | Triger point area of shoulder | Mechanical algometer (kpa) (Pain Diagnosis and Treatment Inc., New York, NY, USA) |
Triger point area of shoulder: 145.4–148.9 | none |
| Shin HJ et al. | 2020 | Chronic neck pain | Upper trapezius Splenius capitis Levator scapulae |
Digital algometer (kg) (Somedic AB, Farsta, Sweden) |
Upper trapezius: 2.41–2.56 Splenius capitis: 2.56–2.90 Levator scapulae: 2.07–2.38 |
none |
| Rodríguez-Huguet M et al. | 2020 | Mechanical neck pain | Upper trapezius Suboccipital |
Algometer (N/cm2) (Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT, USA) |
Upper trapezius: 1.46 Suboccipital: 1.20–1.22 |
none |
| Alfawaz SS et al. | 2020 | Non-specific mechanical neck pain |
Upper trapezius | Handheld algometer (N/cm2) (Force five™, Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT, USA) |
Upper trapezius: 4.0–4.9 | none |
| Chatchawan U et al. | 2019 | Chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) Episodic tension-type headaches (ETTH) |
Head, neck, shoulder and upper back. | Manual algometer (kg/cm2) (Force Dial FDK/FDN Series Mechanical Force Gage; Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT, USA). |
Head, neck, shoulder and upper back: 0.7–1.2 | none |
| Wang-Price S et al. | 2018 | Neck-shoulder pain | Middle deltoid Levator scapulae Upper trapezius |
Handheld computerized pressure algometer (kpa) (Medoc Ltd., Ramat Yishai, Israel) |
Middle deltoid: 194.7–228.6 Levator scapulae: 244.1–246.5 Upper trapezius: 167.6–204.1 |
Middle deltoid: 248.9–309.2 Levator scapulae: 313.7–322.0 Upper trapezius: 229.3–234.6 |
| Murray M et al. | 2017 | Neck-shoulder pain among military helicopter pilots and crew | Trapezius Upper neck extensors |
Handheld electronic pressure algometer (kpa) (Type II Algometer, Somedic Production AB, Sweden) |
Trapezius: 405–434 Upper neck extensors: 334–347 |
none |
| De Meulemeester KE et al. | 2017 | Myofascial neck/shoulder pain | Upper and middle trapezius, levator scapulae, infraspinatus and supraspinatus | Wagner FPX Digital Algometer (kg/cm2) | Upper and middle trapezius, levator scapulae, infraspinatus and supraspinatus: 16.20–20.63 | none |
| Wassinger CA et al. | 2016 | Shoulder pain. | Shoulder | Electronic pressure algometer (kg/cm2) (Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT, USA) |
Shoulder: 5.67–5.73 | none |
| Toprak Celenay S et al. | 2016 | Neck pain | C7 and acromion at the middle point of the upper trapezius muscle | Digital algometer (kg/cm2) (JTech Medical Industries, ZEVEX Company) |
Trapezius: 7.05–7.74 | none |
| Pajediene E et al. | 2015 | Whiplash associated pain | Upper part of the body | Hand-held pressure algometer (kg/cm2) (Pain TestTM Algometer, Wagner Force dial FDK 20) |
Upper part of the body: 2.87 ± 1.21 | Upper part of the body: 3.71 ± 1.69 |
| Lopez-Lopez A et al. | 2015 | Chronic neck pain | C2 spinous process | Digital algometer (N/cm2) (FDX 25, Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT, USA) |
C2 spinous: 1.49–1.70 | none |
| Ge HY et al. | 2014 | Computer users with or without pain in the neck-shoulder and forearmregions | Most painful or dominant side of the neck-shoulder region | Digital algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Hörby, Sweden) |
Most painful or dominant side of the neck-shoulder region: 203.4–308.6 | Most painful or dominant side of the neck-shoulder region: 238.7–337.1 |
| Llamas-Ramos R et al. | 2014 | Chronic neck pain | C7 spinous process | Mechanical algometer (kpa) (Pain Dignosis and Treatment Inc., New York, NY, USA) |
C7 spinous process: 188.1 ± 49.4 | none |
| Andersen CH et al. | 2014 | Chronic neck/shoulder pain | Upper trapezius Lower trapezius |
Pressure algometer (kpa) (Algometer Type 2, Somedic, Hörby, Sweden) |
Upper trapezius: 277–303 Lower trapezius: 308–383 |
none |
| Casanova-Méndez A et al. | 2014 | Chronic neck pain | Upper tarapezius C4 spinous process T4 spinous process |
Analog pressure algometer (kg/cm2) (Baseline®, FEI Inc., White Plains, NY, USA) |
C4 spinous process: 1.96–2.01 T4 spinous process: 3.35–3.70 Upper tripezius: 2.79–3.46 |
none |
| Cagnie B et al. | 2013 | Office workers with mild neck and shoulder complaints | Triger point in Levator scapula/Upper Trapezius/Splenius cervicis | Electronic algometer (N) (compuFET; Hoggan Health Industries, Inc., West Jordan, UT, USA) |
Triger point in Levator scapula/Upper Trapezius/Splenius cervicis: 16.2–24.5 | none |
| Yoo IG et al. | 2013 | Neck-shoulder pain | Upper trapezius Middle trapezius |
Dolorimeter pressure algometer (lb) (Fabrication Enterprises, White Plains, NY, USA) |
Upper trapezius: 7.2 ± 1.8 Middle trapezius: 5.8 ± 1.4 |
Upper trapezius: 6.3 ± 2.0 Middle trapezius: 5.0 ± 1.2 |
| Lauche R et al. | 2013 | Chronic neck pain | Levator scapula Trapezius upper Semispinalis capitis |
Digital algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Hörby, Sweden) |
Levator scapula: 273.4–343.6 Trapezius upper: 229.0–273.7 Semispinalis capitis: 178.9–219.5 |
none |
| Casanova-Méndez A et al. | 2013 | Chronic neck pain | C4 and T4 spinous process Trapezius |
Analogue pressure algometer (kg/cm2) (Baseline, FEI Inc., White Plains, NY, USA) |
C4 spinous process: 1.96–2.01 T4 spinous process: 3.35–3.70 Trapezius: 2.79–3.46 |
none |
| Fernández-Pérez AM et al. | 2012 | Whiplash associated pain | Articular pillar of the C5–6 zygapophyseal joints | Electronic algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Sweden) |
Articular pillar of the C5–6 zygapophyseal joints: 139.8–158.0 | Articular pillar of the C5–6 zygapophyseal joints: 205.4–212.7 |
| Andersen LL et al. | 2012 | Neck-shoulder pain | Upper Trapezius | Electronic pressure algometer (kpa) (Wagner Ins, greenwich, CT, USA) |
Upper trapezius: 219–260 | none |
| Andersen LL et al. | 2012 | Neck/shoulder pain | Upper trapezius | Electronic pressure algometer (kpa) (Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT, USA) |
Trapezius: 219–260 | none |
| Ge HY et al. | 2009 | Fibromyalgia syndrome | Upper trapezius | Electronic algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Sweden) |
Trapezius: 151–156 | Trapezius: 151–156 |
| Gerdle B et al. | 2008 | Whiplash associateddisorders | Trapezius | Electronic pressure algometer (kpa) (Somedic Algometer type 2, Sollentuna, Sweden) |
Trapezius, low cervical and spraspinatus: 95–130 | Trapezius, low cervical and spraspinatus: 230–300 |
| Lemming D et al. | 2007 | Whiplash associated pain | Infraspinatus | Electronic algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Sweden) |
Infraspinatus: 224.6–270.5 | none |
| Ylinen J et al. | 2007 | Chronic neck pain | Splenius capitis Trapezius Levator scapulae |
Hand-held digital pressure algometer (N/cm2) (Force fiveTM, Wagner Instruments, Box 1217, Greenwich, CT 06836, USA) |
Splenius capitis: 38.9–39.6 Trapezius: 38.3–40.3 Levator scapulae: 60.2–60.7 |
none |
| Ylinen J et al. | 2007 | Chronic neck pain | Strenum Trapezius middle Lavator scapulae Trapezius upper |
Handheld algometer (N/cm2) (Force five™, Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT, USA) |
Strenum: 31–34 Trapezius middle: 28–31 Lavator scapulae: 43–51 Trapezius upper: 27–31 |
none |
| Ojala T et al. | 2006 | Neck-Shoulder Myofascial Pain Syndrome | Trigger point in neck and shoulder | Dolorimeter (kg/cm2) (Pain Diagnostic, Fisher). |
Trigger point in neck and shoulder: 5.1–5.3 | none |
| Ylinen J et al. | 2005 | Chronic neck pain | Sternum Trapezius middle Levator scapulae Trapezius upper |
Handheld electronic pressure algometer (N/cm2) (Force five™, Wagner Ins, Greenwich, CT, USA) |
Strenum: 31–36 Trapezius middle: 28–38 Lavator scapulae: 45–59 Trapezius upper: 28–38 |
none |
| Nabeta T et al. | 2002 | Neck/shoulder pain | Neck Shoulder |
Pressure algometer (kg/cm2) (Yufu-Seiki, F P Meter, with probe of 10 mm) |
Neck: 1.6–1.7 Shoulder: 2.0–2.4 |
none |
| Waling K, Sundelin G et al. | 2000 | Work-related trapezius myalgia | Trapezius upper/middle/lower | Somedicw pressure algometer (kpa) (Somedic Production AB, Sollentuna, Sweden). |
Trapezius upper/middle/lower: 194–253 | none |
| Taimela S et al. | 2000 | Chronic neck pain | Trapezius Levator Scapulae |
Mechanical force gauge (N/cm2) | Trapezius: 25.9–29.6 Levator Scapulae: 40.9–41.7 |
none |
| Otto A et al. | 2019 | Healthy volunteer | Deltoid Upper trapezius |
Pressure algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Farsta, Sweden, probe size of 1 cm2 surface area) |
none | Deltoid: 304.42 ± 103.42 Upper trapezius: 77.3 ± 126.90 |
| Sacramento LS et al. | 2017 | Healthy Children and Young Adults | Upper Trapezius Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Levator Scapulae Deltoid |
Digital pressure algometer (kg/cm2) (OE-220, ITO Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ito, Japan) |
none | Children: Upper Trapezius: 1.4 ± 0.6 Supraspinatus: 2.0 ± 0.7 Infraspinatus: 2.2 ± 0.7 Deltoid: 2.1 ± 0.8 C5–6 joint: 1.3 ± 0.5 Adults: Upper Trapezius: 2.5 ± 0.9 Supraspinatus: 3.5 ± 1.3 Infraspinatus: 3.8 ± 1.3 Deltoid: 2.7 ± 1.1 C5–6 joint: 2.1 ± 0.7 |
| Wytrążek M et al. | 2014 | Healthy volunteerwithout triger points | Trapezius (upper part) n = 13 Sternocleido-mastoid n = 12 Deltoid (middle part) n = 48 Infraspinatus n = 13 |
Algometer (kg/cm2) (Force Dial FDK/FDN Series Push Pull Force Gage; Wagner Instruments, Riverside, CT, USA) |
none | Trapezius (upper part): 8.38–9.5 Sternocleido-mastoid: 5.92–6.33 Deltoid (middle part): 7.85–8.56 Infraspinatus: 8.32–10 |
| Shin SJ et al. | 2012 | Healthy worker | Upper trapezius | Dolorimeter (Lb) (Fabrication Enterprises, White Plains, NY, USA) |
none | Upper trapezius: 7.3–8.8 |
| Binderup AT et al. | 2010 | Healthy volunteer | Upper trapezius Middle trapezius Lower trapezius Spinal processes |
Hand-held algometer (kpa) (Somedic® Algometer type 2, Sweden) |
none | Upper trapezius: 295.2 ± 95.9 Middle trapezius: 347.5 ± 103.5 Lower trapezius: 373.0 ± 121.1 Spinal processes: 369.6 ± 116.5 |
| Saíz-Llamosas JR et al. | 2009 | Healthy volunteer | C5-C6 zygapophyseal joints | Electronic algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Sweden) |
none | C5-C6 zygapophyseal joints: 175.4–185.5 |
| Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C et al. | 2008 | Healthy volunteer | C5-C6 zygapophyseal joints | Electronic algometer (kpa) (Somedic AB, Sweden) |
none | C5-C6 zygapophyseal joints: 308.4–334.5 |
| Ge HY et al. | 2006 | Healthy volunteer | Trapezius Posterolateral neck |
Pressure algometer (kpa) (Somedic Algometer type 2, Sollentuna, Sweden) |
none | Trapezius: 320–430 Posterolateral neck: 420–445 |
| Ge HY et al. | 2005 | Healthy volunteer | Trapezius Posterolateral neck |
Pressure algometer (kpa) (Somedicw Algometer type 2, Sollentuna, Sweden) |
none | Trapezius: 440–550 Posterolateral neck: 365–405 |
| Nie H et al. | 2005 | Healthy volunteer | Cervical muscle: processus transversus C5 Cervical myotendinous spot: processus transversus C7 Upper trapezius: middle point of processus spinosus C7 and acromion Levator scapulae: 2 cm superior to the angulus superior scapulae Angulus superior scapulae 1 cm medial to the acromioclavicular joint Supraspinatus: 3 cm superior to the middle of spina scapulae Infraspinatus: 3 cm distal to the middle of spina scapulae Middle trapezius: middle point of processus spinosus and medial border of spina scapulae Lower trapezius |
Electronic pressure algometer (kpa) (Somedic Algometer type 2, Sweden) |
none | Neck/shoulder: Average 322 |