Figure 2.

Effect of TNF-α on IFN-γ or IL-17 production by Th1 lymphocytes. Sorted Th1 cells were cultured for 4 days with 1 µg/mL of recombinant human TNF-α alone or in the presence of an anti-TNF-α blocking mAb (infliximab). Cells were then stimulated with PMA and ionomycin plus brefeldin A for 5 h and analyzed for cytokine production by flow cytometry. (A) Representative dot plots of Th1 cells upon stimulus with TNF-α. The numbers in each quadrant represent the percentage of cells. The effect of TNF-α on IFN-γ (B) or IL-17 (C) production was measured on Th1 cells from three healthy donors. Bars represent the mean values ± SD. Data were normalized against cells that did not receive TNF-α or TNF-α plus anti-TNF-α treatment. Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test was carried out to analyze differences between groups. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.