Table 1.

Recent in vitro and in vivo studies in BTR using electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds.

Biomaterial	Bioactive Agent	Cell-Line	Bone Defect	Assessment Parameters	Effect	Ref.
PLGA/PCL	Baicalin	BMSCs (bone mesenchymal stem cells)	5 mm	SEM, proliferation, cytotoxicity, RT-PCR, and polarization of RAW264.7 cells were performed to study surface morphology, cell viability, adhesion, and tissue regeneration	In vitro, scaffolds promoted osteogenic differentiation, and in vivo, scaffolds regulated inflammation and osteoclast differentiation and favored neovascularization and bone formation	[24]
PCL/Zein	Illite	MC3T3-E1	-	The WST-1 assay and ALP (alkaline phosphatase staining) was performed to study cell viability and osteoblastic differentiation	In vitro biomineralization of the scaffolds resulted in maximum calcium deposition (Ca/P ratio of 1.55), strong cell survival, and osteoblastic development	[25]
Collagen/PCL	Fe-dopped hydroxyapatite nanorods	MC3T3-E1	1 mm	Characterization, antioxidant potential, cytocompatibility, and aspects of osseointegration, including cell adhesion, proliferation, and bone formation, were studied	In an in vitro test, better-supported cell adhesion, cell growth, and matrix mineralization were reported, and in the in vivo study, the scaffold promoted osteointegration around bone–implant interface	[26]
Segmented polyurethane urea	Carboxyl carbon nanotube-doped hydroxyapatite	NIH3T3	3.5 mm	MTT, FESEM, and contact angle RT-PCR were performed to study morphology, cell viability, and adhesion	The in vitro test indicated excellent cytocompatibility and upregulated osteogenic gene expression. In vivo study showed excellent bone regeneration	[27]
PCL/PEG	Nano-attapulgite	D1 (mouse multipotent mesenchymal precursor)	5 mm	SEM, RT-PCR, and histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to study the biocompatibility of the scaffolds, osteogenesis, and new bone growth in rat cranium defect models	The in vitro study facilitated the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts and increased osteogenic gene expression. In vivo test exhibited an excellent bone regeneration effect and enhanced bone formation via the BMP/Smad signaling pathway	[28]
Silk fibroin	kappa-carrageena; k-CG)	MC3T3-E1	-	Characterizations, MTT bioassay, ALP, and confocal microscopy analysis were performed	Better cell viability and proliferation were observed, inducing mineralization and guiding MC3T3-E1 toward the osteogenic lineage	[29]