Table 1.
The summary of the animal and human studies about BAT activity and DIT in health and diseases.
| DIT in health | |||||||
| Intervention | BAT | DIT | Total EE |
Energy
Balance |
Experimental Model | Reference | |
| Mechanism of Action | Activity | ||||||
| Caloric intake | |||||||
| low | ↑ | ↑ | humans | [108,109] | |||
| high | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | humans | [107,108] | |||
| Circadian rhythmicity | |||||||
| day | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | humans | [109] | |||
| night | ↑ | ↑ | humans | [109] | |||
| Capsaicin | ↑ ADRB3 | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | 一 | mice | [115] |
| ↑ TRPV | humans | [116,117,118] | |||||
| Resveratrol | ↑ AMPK | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | 一 | mice | [122,124,125] |
| ↑ SIRT1 | humans | [126] | |||||
| Curcumin | ↑ ADRB3 | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | 一 | rats | [129] |
| ↑ cAMP/PKA | mice | [130] | |||||
| ↑ AMPK | cells | [131] | |||||
| Green tea | ↑ ADRB3 | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ± | humans | [138,139,140] | |
| Fish oil | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ± | humans | [145] | |
| ↑ TRPV | 一 | mice | [146] | ||||
| all-trans retinoic acid | ↑ PPARγ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | cells | [140] | |
| mice | [141,142] | ||||||
| DIT in diseases | |||||||
| Intervention | BAT | DIT | Total EE |
Energy
Balance |
Experimental Model | Reference | |
| Mechanism of Action | Activity | ||||||
| Metabolic abnormalities | |||||||
| Obesity | ↑ | humans | [159] | ||||
| ↑ | mice | [160] | |||||
| T2DM | ↑ | ↑ | rats | [64,81] | |||
| ↑ | ↑ | humans | [79,167] | ||||
| Hyperlipidemia | ↑ | ↑ | humans | [170] | |||
| mice | [171] | ||||||
| NAFLD | ↑ | mice | [174] | ||||
| ↑ | humans | [174,176,177] | |||||
| Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) | ↑↑ | mice | [178,179] | ||||
| ↑ | ↑ | 一 | humans | [180] | |||