Table 1.

Functional effects of oxLDL and derivates on platelets. OxLDL—oxidised LDL; CuSO₄—copper (II) sulphate; HUVEC—human umbilical vein endothelial cells; WT—wildtype; Acyl-LPA—acylated lysophosphatidic acid; FeSO₄—iron (II) sulphate; MDA—malondialdehyde; HOCL—hypochlorus acid; Lyso-PC—lysophosphatidylcholine; MPO—myeloperoxidase; oxPC_CD36—oxidised phosphocholine specific for CD36; ADP—adenosine diphosphate; METS-LDL—metabolic syndrome-associated LDL; DMII-LDL—diabetes mellitus II-associated LDL; SIN-1-LDL—3-(N-morpholino)sydnonimine-LDL; Ac-LDL—acetylated LDL; PRP—platelet-rich plasma; CuCL₂—copper(II) chloride; Ca²⁺—calcium; NO—nitrix oxide; Cu²⁺—copper; AAPH—2,2′-Azobis-(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride).

	Environment	Functional Response	Method of Oxidation	Species	Platelet Preparation	Reference
Adhesion	In vitro	OxLDL induces increased platelet adhesion to collagen and HUVECs under flow/static conditions	CuSO4	Human	Whole blood/washed platelets	[34,40,41,42]
	In vitro	OxLDL induces increased platelet adhesion to fibrinogen under flow conditions	Electronegative LDL—fraction L5, isolated from patients	Human	Washed platelets	[33]
	In vivo	OxLDL injection increases platelet endothelial adhesion after carotid ligation in WT animals	CuSO4	Mouse	Whole blood	[34]
	In vivo	OxLDL injection increases platelet endothelial adhesions in cremaster muscle blood vessels	CuSO4	Hamster	Whole blood	[43]
	In vitro	OxLDL increases platelet spreading and pseudopodia formation under static conditions	CuSO4/FeSO4	Human	Washed platelets	[44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]
	In vitro	OxLDL increases adhesion of platelets to oxLDL co-coated collagen matrix under arterial flow conditions	CuSO4	Human	Whole blood	[44]
	In vitro	Mildly/extensively oxidised LDL causes shape changes in platelet suspensions	O2 oxidation/CuSO4/Acyl-LPA	Human	Washed platelets	[46,53,54]
	In vitro	Increased platelet adhesion to MDA/HOCL modified-oxLDL under static conditions	MDA modified oxLDL/HOCL-LDL	Human	Washed platelets	[55]
Degranulation & Secretion	In vitro	OxLDL increases platelet P-selectin expression	CuSO4/LysoPC	Human/cat	Whole blood/washed platelets	[34,56,57,58,59]
	In vitro	Positive correlation of platelet P-selectin, sCD40L and oxLDL levels	MPO-mediated LDL oxidation	Human	Washed platelets	[60]
	In vitro	OxPCCD36 induces increased platelet P-selectin expression	OxPCCD36	Human	Washed platelets	[61]
	In vitro	OxPCCD36 induces P-selectin expression	KODA-PC	Mouse	Washed platelets	[62]
	In vitro	OxLDL potentiates ADP-induced P-selectin expression in platelets	HOCL-LDL	Human	Washed platelets	[63]
	In vitro	OxLDL induces platelet serotonin secretion	CuSO4	Human	Washed platelets	[64,65]
	In vitro	OxLDL potentiates ADP-induced serotonin secretion in platelets	HOCL–LDL	Human	Washed platelets	[63]
	In vitro	Binding of oxLDL on dyslipidaemic platelets linked to increased P-selectin expression	oxLDL-associated dyslipidaemia	Human	Washed platelets/whole blood	[34,66,67]
	In vitro	OxLDL potentiates the effect of thrombin on platelet P-selectin expression	CuSO4	Human	Washed platelets	[68]
	In vitro	OxLDL induces platelet CD147 release	CuSO4	Human	Washed platelets	[69]
	In vitro	OxLDL induces platelet thromboxane A2 generation	CuSO4	Human	Washed platelets	[70,71]
	In vitro	OxLDL induces platelet thromboxane B2 generation	METS-LDL/DMII LDL/glycooxidised LDL	Human	Washed platelets	[28,30]
	In vitro	OxLDL induces platelet CXCL12 release	CuSO4	Human	Washed platelets	[72]
Aggregation	In vitro	OxLDL induces platelet aggregation	CuSO4/Ac-LDL/HOCL-LDL/SIN-1-LDL/Acyl-LPA/O2 oxidation/Electronegative LDL—Fraction L5/METS-LDL/DMII-LDL/	Human	Washed platelets/ PRP	[28,46,54,73,74,75,76,77,78]
	In vitro	OxLDL potentiates the effects of ADP on platelet aggregation	CuSO4/HOCL-LDL/Electronegative LDL/oxLDL-associated APOE−/− dyslipidaemia	Human/mouse	Washed plt./PRP/PRP and washed platelet in ratio 1:1	[33,63,74,79,80,81]
	In vitro	OxLDL potentiates the effects of thrombin aggregation	CuSO4/HOCL-LDL	Human	Washed platelets	[74,82]
	In vitro	OxPCCD36 induces increased fibrinogen binding in platelets	OxPCCD36	Human	Washed platelets	[61]
	In vitro	OxLDL potentiates the effects of epinephrine and thrombin in aggregation	HOCL-LDL	Human	Washed platelets	[63]
	In vitro	oxLDL increases active conformation of aIIbß3	CuSO4	Human/mouse	Washed platelets	[42,62]
Ca2+ mobilisation	In vitro	OxLDL induces intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation	CuSO4/HOCL-LDL	Human	Washed platelets	[63,68,83]
Disinhibition	In vitro	OxLDL inhibits activation of guanylate cyclase	CuCl2	Bovine	Washed platelets
	In vitro	OxLDL decreases platelets sensitivity to NO in thrombin aggregation	CuSO4/O2 Oxidation	Human	Washed platelets	[84,85,86]
	In vitro	OxLDL reduces the effect of endothelial cell-derived NO on platelets	Not defined	Human	Washed platelets	[87]
	In vivo/In vitro	oxLDL, oxPCCD36 and oxPCCD36-associated highfat diet induces PDE3A and leads to reduced cAMP signalling	CuSO4/oxPCCD36/High fat diet	Human/mouse	Washed platelet, PRP, whole blood	[88]
	In vivo/In vitro	oxLDL-induced ROS production inhibits the effects of 8pCPT-cGMP	CuSO4	Human/mouse	Whole blood	[89]
ROS-generation	In vitro	oxLDL induces ROS generation	CuSO4	Human	Washed platelets	[42,89,90]
Cell-Cell-interactions	In vitro/In vivo	OxLDL increases platelet-leucocyte interaction and platelet-induced leucocyte transmigration	HOCL/CuSO4	Human/mouse	PRP/leucocyte enriched PRP	[91,92]
	In vivo	OxLDL increases platelet-leucocyte interactions and P-selectin-dependent leucocyte endothelial interactions	Cu2+	Hamster	Whole blood	[93]
	In vitro	OxLDL Increases platelet-monocyte interactions	Acyl-LPA	Human	Whole blood	[54]
	In vitro	OxLDL treated platelets induce ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells	HOCL	Human	Washed platelets	[56]
Miscellaneous	In vivo	Injection of OxLDL shortens tailbleeding time	Electronegative LDL, fraction L5, isolated from patients	Mouse	Whole blood	[33]
	In vitro	Oxidised LDL attenuates Fibrinogen binding	FeSO4 (>30% assessed by REM)	Human	Washed platelets	[94]
	In vitro	OxLDL increases CXC5 release in platelets from CAD patients	CuSO4	Human	PRP	[95]
	In vitro	OxLDL induces microvesicle release and increases platelet phosphatidylserine exposure	CuSO4	Human	Washed platelets	[96]
	In vitro	OxLDL increases platelet prothrombinase activity	CuSO4 + AAPH/MPO oxidised LDL	Human	Washed platelets	[97]
	In vivo	oxLDL injection increases time to occlusion in a ferric chloride thrombosis model carotid artery	CuSO4	Mouse	Whole blood	[42]