Table 1.
Method | Synthesis Conditions | Textural Properties | Ref. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medium | Time | Temp (°C) |
Yield (%) |
SBET (m2 g−1) |
Vpore (cm3 g−1) |
Particle Size (nm) |
||
Hydrothermal | H2O/HF | 8 h | 220 | 50 | 4100 | 2.02 | / | [18] |
H2O/HNO3 | 8 h | 220 | 78 | 3841 | 1.72 | 720–2120 | [26] | |
H2O/NaOH | 8 h | 220 | 47 | 4065 | 2.01 | 87 | [27] | |
H2O/HNO3 | 8 h | 220 | 81 | 3187 | 1.65 | 1336 | ||
H2O/HOAc | 8 h | 220 | 53 | 2894 | 1.38 | 141 | ||
H2O/HCl | 8 h | 220 | / | 3090 | 1.64 | 200–1200 | [28] | |
H2O/HCOOH | 8 h | 210 | / | 2618 | 1.36 | 100–150 | [29] | |
H2O/TMAOH | 24 h | 160 | / | 3197 | 1.73 | / | [30] | |
H2O/CH3COONa | 12 h | 200 | 40 | 1710 | 0.80 | 0.5–1.4 | [31] | |
H2O/CH3COOH | 8 h | 200 | 55 | 2927 | 1.77 | 1.3–2.1 | ||
H2O/CH3COOLi | 12 h | 220 | / | 3401 | 1.83 | 480 | [32] | |
H2O/CH3COOK | 12 h | 220 | / | 3398 | 1.79 | 240 | ||
Solvothermal | H2O/HF | 96 h | 220 | / | 3780 | 1.74 | / | [33] |
Mixed-solvothermal | DMF/H2O | 24 h | 160 | 83.3 | 2453.1 | 1.16 | 200 | [34] |
Microwave (MW) | H2O/HF | 1 h | 220 | / | 3054 | 2.01 | 70–100 | [35] |
MW-assisted solvo/hydrothermal | H2O | 30 min | 220 | / | 2667 | 1.37 | 100–110 | [36] |
MV | H2O/HF | 40 min | 210 | / | 3900 | 2.3 | 70–90 | [37] |
H2O | 15 min | 210 | 36 | 3071 | 1.51 | 200 | [38] | |
H2O | 1 h | 210 | 38 | 3196 | 1.55 | 200 | ||
Electric heating (CE) | H2O | 6 h | 210 | 31 | 2735 | 1.43 | 800 | |
H2O | 24 h | 210 | 42 | 3160 | 1.54 | 400 | ||
MV | H2O | 10 min | 210 | 29 | 1710.1 | 1.28 | 100 | [39] |
CE | H2O | 12 h | 210 | 35 | 2284.7 | 1.76 | 400 | |
MV/CE | H2O | 4 min/12 h | 210 | 41 | 1664.9 | 1.17 | 135 | |
MV/CE | H2O | 4 min/3 h | 210 | 37 | 1747.6 | 1.35 | 155 | |
expanded graphite (EG) | H2O/HF | 2 h | 220 | 43 | 3751 | 1.8 | 400 | [40] |
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) |
H2O/HF | 8 h | 220 | / | 638 | 0.51 | 3.25 | [41] |
CTAB | H2O/HF | 8 h | 220 | / | 1560 | / | 3.91 | [42] |
CTAB | NaAc | 12 h | 220 | / | 1144 | / | 3.47 | |
CTAB | H2O/HF | 8 h | 220 | / | 846 | / | 120–250 | [43] |