Table 3.
Proteomic studies in PD focused on biomarker discovery.
| Disease | Marker | Quantitation | Tissue | Summary | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tissue-based proteomic markers in PD | |||||
| PD | Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton impairment-related proteins | TMT | Substantia nigra | Significant changes in expression levels of 204 nigral proteins in human PD samples | [85] |
| PD | RGS6 | LFQ | Substantia nigra (Lewy body pathology) |
Changes in proteins related to (1) Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; (2) synaptic function; (3) poly(A) RNA binding; (4) basement membrane and endothelium; and (5) hydrogen peroxide metabolic processes | [86] |
| PD | GANAB | LFQ | Substantia nigra (Lewy body pathology) |
Changes in proteins related to (1) Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; (2) synaptic function; (3) poly(A) RNA binding; (4) basement membrane and endothelium; and (5) hydrogen peroxide metabolic processes | [86] |
| PD | CD59 | LFQ | Substantia nigra (Lewy body pathology) |
Changes in proteins related to (1) Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation; (2) synaptic function; (3) poly(A) RNA binding; (4) basement membrane and endothelium; and (5) hydrogen peroxide metabolic processes | [86] |
| Plasma/serum proteomic biomarkers in PD | |||||
| PD | Apolipoprotein A1 | iTRAQ | Plasma/serum | Downregulated in PD | [87,88] |
| PD | Apolipoprotein A-IV | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Downregulated in PD | [87,88] |
| PD | Apolipoprotein B | LFQ | Plasma | Downregulated in PD | [89] |
| PD | Apolipoprotein CI | LFQ | Plasma | Downregulated in PD | [89] |
| PD | Apolipoprotein CIII | LFQ | Plasma | Downregulated in PD | [89] |
| PD | Apolipoprotein C4 | LFQ | Plasma | Downregulated in PD | [89] |
| PD | Apolipoprotein C4 | LFQ | Plasma | Downregulated in PD | [89] |
| PD | Apolipoprotein M | LFQ | Plasma | Downregulated in PD | [89] |
| PD | Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Downregulated in PD | [87] |
| PD | Complement C4A | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Downregulated in PD | [87] |
| PD | Complement C4B | iTRAQ | Plasma/serum | Downregulated in PD | [87,88] |
| PD | Complement C3 | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Downregulated in PD | [87] |
| PD | Haptoglobin | LFQ | Plasma | Downregulated in PD | [89] |
| PD | Clusterin | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Upregulated in PD | [87] |
| PD | Transthyretin | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Upregulated in PD | [87] |
| PD | Zinc α-2 glycoprotein | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Upregulated in PD | [87] |
| PD | Vitamin D binding protein | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Upregulated in PD | [87] |
| PD | Afamin | LFQ | Plasma/serum | Upregulated in PD | [87] |
| CSF proteomic biomarkers in PD | |||||
| PD | α-synuclein peptide (81–96) | MRM | CSF | α-Synuclein peptide altered in PD | [90] |
| PD | α-synuclein pS129 | MRM | CSF | α-Synuclein pS129 correlates with disease severity | [91] |
| PD | Granins | DIA | CSF | Granins are downregulated in PD | [92] |
| Exosomal biomarkers in PD | |||||
| PD | α-synuclein | LFQ | Serum neuronal(L1CAM+) exosomes | Upregulated in prodromal and clinical PD compared to controls and other neurodegenerative diseases | [93] |
| PD | Clusterin | LFQ | Serum neuronal (L1CAM+) exosomes, plasma exosomes | Upregulated in FTD but not PD, served as a combined marker with α-synuclein and is downregulated in PD in plasma exosomes | [93,94] |
| PD | α-synuclein | SRM | Plasma neuronal (L1CAM+) exosomes | α-synuclein is upregulated in PD | [95,96] |
| PD | Complement C1r | LFQ | Plasma exosomes | Downregulated in PD | [94] |
| PD | Apolipoprotein A1 | LFQ | Plasma exosomes | Downregulated in PD | [94] |