Table 2.

Targeted biopolymers in advance applications, with their origin and diagrammatic representation of their chemical structure

Sl. No	Biopolymers	Origin: Sources/synthesis	Applications	Refs.
1	Chitosan	Sources: crustacean shells, such as lobsters, crabs, and shrimp, as well as fish scales and a variety of other creatures (insects and fungi)	Biomedical applications, bioplastics, nanocomposites, textile industries, packaging of food, fuel cell, Wastewater treatment,	[101]
2	Gelatin	Sources: Pig (porcine skins) and cow bones or beef hides, malian skins, biovin hides fishes, salmon, catfish, squid, bigeye snapper, cuttlefish, lizardfish, etc.	Food industry, crime scenes, fingerprints, gelling agent, cosmetics (bath salts, shampoos, sunscreens, body lotions, hair spray and facial cream), medical industry, pharmaceutical industry, medicine, wine and beer, controlled drug delivery, wound dressing, etc.	[102]
3	Starch	Sources: Maize, wheat, rice, potatoes, banana, cassava, etc.	Food industry (baked foods, confectioneries, pastas, soups and sauces, and mayonnaises), medicine, textile, paper, fine chemicals, petroleum engineering, agriculture, and construction engineering, physical and chemical modifications, drug delivery applications, pharmaceuticals industries, etc.	[103]
4	Cellulose	Sources: Agro-waste, domestic-waste, wood, plant, paper, bamboo, sugar beet, banana rachis, potato tubers, cotton, fique, kapok, agave, jute, kenaf, flax, hemp, vine, sisal, coconut, grass, wheat, rice and barley, etc.	Bio-fuels, consumables, film-forming agent, thickener, blocker, sustained-release agent, blending agent and suspending agent, wound dressing, drug carrier, pharmaceutical applications, food, drug delivery, coating of solid dosage, scaffolding, biomedical implants such as cardiovascular implants, Bone and connective tissue repair, etc.	[104]
5	KGM	Source: roots of the elephant yam, bulb of the konjac plant	Improve metabolic control, lowering plasma cholesterol in rats, formation of films and blend membranes, coating and packaging, controlled release matrix, food additives, thermoreversible gels	[68]
6	Lignin	Sources: agricultural residues, hemp, cotton, woody biomass, and energy crops, jute, wood pulp, etc.	Pharmaceutical industries, wound dressing, wound healing, medicine, photocatalyst, drug delivery, controlling disease, immune booster, electrospinning, water treatment, power sources, electrochemical energy materials, synthesis of polymers, dyes, adhesives and fertilizers 3-D printing- plastic composite, etc.	[105]
7	Agar	Sources: Found in the cell walls of certain species of red algae such as Gracilaria and Gelidium	Antibiotic selection, culture and detection of pathogens from contaminated food and water, bimolecular separation and purification, gel electrophoresis, gel bead chromatography, drug release, tissue engineering, drug delivery, vaginal capsules, bacteriological culture, food industries,	[106]
8	PVA	Synthesis: Obtained by the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomers followed by partial hydrolysis	Textile, paper industry, and food packaging industry, gene therapy	[107, 108]
9	PCL	Synthesis: Using a catalyst such as stannous octanoate, PCL is made via ring-opening polymerization of ℰ-caprolactone	Plastics, weather resistance, drug delivery, tissue engineering, additives, food industry, textile industry, chemical factory, steel manufacturing, automobile industries, paper industries, etc.	[109]
10	PLA	Source: wheat, straw, corn, and sorghum etc. Synthesis: ring opening polymerization of lactate	Tissue engineering, bone re generation, implants, industries, drug delivery, food industry, medical devices, dialysis, plastics, 3- D printing, etc.	[110]
11	Gallen Gum	Source: It naturally occurs on water lilies, secreted by the microorganism Sphingomonas elodea, Synthesis: synthesis chemically by fermenting sugar with a certain bacterium strain	Thickener, binder, and stabilizer in different food applications, stabilizes the water-based gels, such as desserts and drinking jellies, yogurt and sour cream in vegan items, bone repair and cartilaginous tissue regeneration	[111]
12	Pullulan	Source: Produced aerobically by growing a yeast like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans	Food industry (coating or packaging material of dried foods, including nuts, noodles, confectionaries, vegetables and meat), binder for (tobacco, seed coatings and plant fertilizers), adhesives, pharmaceutical industry (tablets, pills, granules), flocculating agent, rayon industries, paper industries, printing and writing, photographic, lithographic and electronic applications , etc.	[112]
13	Dextran	Synthesis: synthesized by the action of the bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides	Anticoagulant, treatment against shocks, surgery, trauma, burn, drug, etc	[113]
14	Curdlan	Source: Produced by bacteria, such as Alcaligenes spp., Agrobacterium spp., Paenibacillus spp., Rhizobium spp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida spp., and fungal sources like Aureobasidium pullulan, Poria cocos, etc. Synthesis: Biosynthesis of curdlan from glucose (uridine diphosphate (UDP)- glucose as primary precursor in the presence of enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase)	Food (pasta, canned meat) and Dairy products, Therapeutic products, Adjuvant, Antioxidant and anti-inflammation agent, Protection against hyperglycemia, immunomodulation, anti-allergic activity, etc	[114]
15	Scleroglucan	Sources: Produced by various filamentous fungi especially of the genus Sclerotium, belonging to the phylum basidiomycota. Industrially it obtained from, S. rolfsii and Sclerotium glucanicum, Schizophyllum commune, Botrytis cinerea, and Epicoccum nigrum	Oil industry for thickening, discharge of drilling mud’s and enhanced oil recovery, construction engineering, adhesives, water colors, printing inks and liquid animal feed composition, thickener in paintings, stabilizer in fire drencher foams and in pesticides used in agriculture, food industry (stabilization of dressings and ice creams), cosmetics, creams and protective lotions, pharmaceutical products, drug delivery, antitumor, antiviral and antimicrobial compound, immune-stimulator , etc	[115]