. 2022 Jul 28;9(8):241. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9080241

Table 7.

List of studies investigating the role of exercise training in patients with preserved ejection fraction.

First Author; Year of Publication (Ref.)	Study Design; Duration (wk)	Type of Exercise	Patient; Age; Women (%)	Principal Outcomes Investigated and Main Findings
Kitzman2010 [78]	Randomized, prospective, attention-controlled, single-blind study 16 wk	1 h ET (warm-up, stimulus, and cool-down phases), 3 times/wk	ET UC	CPET functional parameters Echocardiographic parameters 6MWT distance Natriuretic peptides QoL scores
			N = 26 N = 27
			70 ± 6 y 69 ± 5 y
			83% 91%
Edelmann2011 [70]	Prospective, randomized 2:1 controlled trial 12 wk	Endurance/resistance training	ET UC	CPET functional parameters Echocardiographic parameters 6MWT distance QoL scores
			N = 44 N = 20
			64± 8 y 65 ± 6 y
			55% 60%
Smart2012 [74]	Randomized, controlled trial 16 wk	Cycle ergometer exercise training at 60 rpm	ET UC	CPET functional parameters Echocardiographic parameters QoL scores
			N = 12 N = 13
			67 ± 5.8 y 61.9 ± 6.9 y
			42% 53%
Murad2012 [84]	Randomized, controlled, single-blinded design 16 wk	1 h ET (warm-up, stimulus, and cool-down phases), 3 times/wk	ET UC	SDNN RMSSD
			N = 35 N = 31
			70.1 ± 5.6 y 68.0 ± 4.8 y
			63% 64.5%
Alves2012 [79]	Randomized controlled trial 24 wk	Interval training	ET UC	Exercise tolerance (MET) Echocardiographic parameters
			N = 20 N = 11
			Overall
			63 ± 11 y
			29%
Haykowsky2012 [68]	Randomized, single-blind trial 16 wk	Endurance exercise training	ET UC	CPET functional parameters Echocardiographic parameters
			N = 22 N = 18
			70 ± 6 y 68 ± 5 y
			82 % 94%
Fujimoto2012 [67]	Randomized controlled trial 54 wk	Endurance exercise training	ET UC	CPET functional parameters Echocardiographic parameters Cardiac catheterization measurements
			N = 7 N = 13
			74.9 ± 6 y 70.2 ± 4 y
			57% 38%
Kitzman2013 [66]	Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial 16 wk	Walking, arm, and leg ergometry	ET UC	CPET functional parameters Echocardiographic parameters Brachial artery FMD QoL scores
			N = 32 N = 31
			70 ± 7 y 70 ± 7 y
			72% 80%
Angadi2015 [75]	Randomized comparison trial/pilot study 4 wk	HIIT vs. MI-ACT	HIIT MCT	CPET functional parameters Diastolic function FMD
			N = 9 N = 6
			69.0 ± 6.1 y 71.5 ± 11.7 y
			11% 33%
Nolte2015 [83]	Prospective, randomized, controlled trial 12 wk	Endurance/resistance training	ET UC	QoL scores
			N = 44 N = 20
			overall
			65 ± 7 y
			56%
Kitzman2016 [73]	Randomized, attention- controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trail 20 wk	Walking exercise 3 times/wk	ET Diet group	CPET functional parameters QoL scores
			N = 26 N = 24
			ET + Diet group UC
			N = 25 N = 25
			Overall
			67 ± 5 y
			81%
Fu2016 [72]	Randomized, controlled trial 12 wk	Aerobic interval training	ET UC	CPET functional parameters Echocardiographic parameters QoL scores
			N = 30 N = 30
			60.5 ± 2.7 y 63.1 ± 2.6 y
			33% 40%
Maldonado-Martin2017 [69]	Prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial 16 wk	Cycling and walking at 50% to 70% of VO₂ peak intensity	ET UC	CPET functional parameters 6MWT distance
			N = 23 N = 24
			>65 y
			87%
Lang2018 [83]	Randomized controlled trial 12 wk	Home-based comprehensive self-management rehabilitation program	ET UC	QoL scores
			N = 25 N = 25
			71.8 ± 9.9 y 76 ± 6.6 y
			64% 44%
Donelli da Silveira2020 [76]	Single-blinded, parallel randomized clinical trial 3 d per wk 12 wk	HIIT vs. MCT	HIIT MCT	CPET functional parameters Echocardiographic data Natriuretic peptides QoL scores
			N = 10 N = 9
			60 ± 10 y 60 ± 9 y
			70% 56%
Brubaker2020 [71]	Randomized controlled trial 16 wk	≤60 min of moderate-intensity endurance exercise training 3 time/wk	ET UC	CPET functional parameters 6MWT distance QoL scores
			N = 58 N = 58
			70.3 ± 6.7 69.2 ± 6.2
			76% 86%
Mueller2021 [77]	Randomized controlled trial 3 mo supervised followed by 9 mo of telemedical monitored home-based training	HIIT vs. MCT vs. UC	HIIT MCT UC	CPET functional parameters Diastolic function Natriuretic peptides QoL scores
			N = 58 N = 58 N = 60
			70 ± 7 y 70 ± 8 y 69 ±10 y
			71% 60% 68%

Abbreviations: ET, exercise training; wk, weeks; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; 6MWT: 6 min walking test; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; IMT, inspiratory muscle training; MET, metabolic equivalent task; MCT: moderate continuous training; MI-ACT, moderate-intensity aerobic continuous training; QoL, quality of life; RMSSD, root mean square of successive differences in normal RR intervals; SDNN, standard deviation of all normal RR intervals; UC, usual care. The blue arrows indicate an improvement after exercise of the variable explored