Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study subjects.
| Total | No Exercise | Walking Only | Moderate Intensity Exercise | Vigorous Intensity Exercise | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 6528) | (n = 651) | (n = 2337) | (n = 1132) | (n = 2408) | p | |
| Age, years | 54.16 ± 0.169 | 55.25 ± 0.568 | 57.31 ± 0.297 | 54.38 ± 0.385 | 51.39 ± 0.200 | <0.001 |
| a | b | a | c | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.08 ± 0.048 | 23.76 ± 0.155 | 23.90 ± 0.086 | 23.88 ± 0.11 | 24.37 ± 0.075 | <0.001 |
| a | a | a | b | |||
| SE Right, D | −0.59 ± 0.033 | −0.58 ± 0.109 | −0.43 ± 0.059 | −0.52 ± 0.072 | −0.74 ± 0.048 | <0.001 |
| ab | a | ab | b | |||
| age adjusted | −0.33 ± 0.103 | −0.32 ± 0.053 | −0.22 ± 0.065 | −0.22 ± 0.043 | 0.464 | |
| age and BMI adjusted | −0.33 ± 0.103 | −0.32 ± 0.053 | −0.22 ± 0.065 | −0.22 ± 0.044 | 0.443 | |
| SE left, D | −0.54 ± 0.032 | −0.46 ± 0.101 | −0.33 ± 0.056 | −0.51 ± 0.075 | −0.73 ± 0.048 | <0.001 |
| ab | a | ab | b | |||
| age adjusted | −0.18 ± 0.092 | −0.23 ± 0.05 | −0.2 ± 0.066 | −0.19 ± 0.044 | 0.954 | |
| age and BMI adjusted | −0.18 ± 0.092 | −0.23 ± 0.05 | −0.2 ± 0.067 | −0.19 ± 0.044 | 0.949 | |
| IOPmax, mmHg | 14.68 ± 0.061 | 14.38 ± 0.147 | 14.62 ± 0.090 | 14.51 ± 0.118 | 14.86 ± 0.080 | 0.003 |
| a | ab | ab | b | |||
| age adjusted | 14.34 ± 0.146 | 14.60 ± 0.089 | 14.46 ± 0.120 | 14.76 ± 0.084 | 0.016 | |
| age and BMI adjusted | 14.36 ± 0.146 | 14.60 ± 0.089 | 14.47 ± 0.119 | 14.75 ± 0.084 | 0.031 | |
| Glaucoma, % | 0.9 (0.12) | 2.0 (0.71) | 1.1 (0.22) | 0.7 (0.27) | 0.6 (0.15) | 0.012 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | <0.001 | |||||
| None | 16.9 (0.53) | 19.2 (1.75) | 21.5 (1.07) | 16.7 (1.35) | 12.9 (0.79) | |
| Moderate | 40.1 (0.79) | 41.7 (2.52) | 36.8 (1.26) | 36.4 (1.86) | 43.7 (1.22) | |
| Heavy | 42.9 (0.78) | 39.0 (2.28) | 41.6 (1.34) | 46.8 (1.92) | 43.3 (1.19) | |
| Smoking status, % | 0.104 | |||||
| Never | 15.1 (0.55) | 14.1 (1.69) | 15.4 (0.95) | 15.1 (1.24) | 15.1 (0.85) | |
| Ex- | 45.8 (0.81) | 41.4 (2.43) | 46.6 (1.31) | 43.1 (1.88) | 47.3 (1.27) | |
| Current | 39.1 (0.80) | 44.5 (2.48) | 38.0 (1.30) | 41.8 (1.86) | 37.6 (1.22) | |
| Monthly household income, % | <0.001 | |||||
| Lowest | 15.8 (0.58) | 19.9 (1.66) | 21.5 (1.05) | 15.9 (1.26) | 10.3 (0.74) | |
| Medium-lowest | 25.2 (0.79) | 30.5 (2.37) | 26.9 (1.25) | 23.2 (1.59) | 23.5 (1.13) | |
| Medium-highest | 28.4 (0.73) | 29.7 (2.30) | 27.4 (1.24) | 26.8 (1.66) | 29.5 (1.14) | |
| Highest | 30.6 (0.86) | 19.8 (2.01) | 24.2 (1.17) | 34.0 (1.84) | 36.8 (1.34) | |
| Intake caffeine, cup/day % | 0.351 | |||||
| <1 | 24.7 (0.70) | 24.1 (2.09) | 25.5 (1.27) | 25.7 (1.70) | 24.0 (1.07) | |
| 1 | 19.7 (0.64) | 18.7 (2.03) | 20.9 (1.11) | 18.6 (1.45) | 19.5 (0.99) | |
| 2 | 23.8 (0.71) | 19.9 (2.11) | 23.5 (1.24) | 23.8 (1.66) | 24.8 (1.11) | |
| ≥3 | 31.8 (0.84) | 37.3 (2.54) | 30.1 (1.46) | 31.9 (1.87) | 31.7 (1.24) | |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 2326.96 ± 15.316 | 2250.29 ± 42.606 | 2196.76 ± 23.698 | 2372.25 ± 37.957 | 2427.73 ± 23.133 | <0.001 |
| ab | a | bc | c | |||
| Hypertension, % | 24.5 (0.65) | 22.7 (1.94) | 29.2 (1.18) | 25.0 (1.57) | 21.2 (0.94) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 10.3 (0.43) | 9.4 (1.28) | 13.4 (0.84) | 11.0 (1.18) | 7.9 (0.59) | <0.001 |
| Cold hands and feet, % | 11.8 (0.53) | 14.1 (1.71) | 12.8 (0.87) | 9.6 (1.04) | 11.3 (0.79) | 0.060 |
Data with the same lowercase letters indicate non-specific differences between groups, while those with different letters are statistically different, based on post hoc test Data are expressed as the mean ± standard errors or the percentage.