Impact of TA pretreatment on Cd-induced increased renal caspase-3. Photomicrographs of (A) control and (B) TA-administrated mice revealed mild immunostaining of caspase-3 antibody inside the renal tubular epithelium (arrowhead) (G and T letters indicate renal glomeruli and tubules, respectively); (C) Cd-intoxicated mice demonstrated marked immunostaining of caspase-3 (cytoplasmic and nuclear) inside the renal tubular epithelium (arrowhead) (G and T letters indicate renal glomeruli and tubules, respectively); (D) Cd-intoxicated mice pre-treated with 25 mg TA demonstrated marked decrease in caspase-3 antibody immunostaining inside the renal tubular epithelium (arrowhead) (G and T letters indicate renal glomeruli and tubules, respectively); (E) Cd-intoxicated mice pre-treated with 50 mg TA demonstrated marked decrease in caspase-3 antibody immunostaining inside the renal tubular epithelium (arrowhead) (G and T letters indicate renal glomeruli and tubules, respectively) (IHC, X 200, bar = 40 µm); (F) Image evaluation of caspase-3 immunostaining in the renal tissue demonstrated a remarkable elevation in Cd-intoxicated mice and a remarkable reduction in mice pre-treated with TA. Results are mean ± SEM, (n = 6). a p < 0.05 vs. control, while b p < 0.05 vs. Cd.