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. 2022 Aug 3;12(8):1187. doi: 10.3390/life12081187

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of probiotics on liver. Keap1/Nrf2: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/Nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2; Gnas: Gs protein alpha-subunit; PKA: cAmp-dependent protein kinase; CRTC2: CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 2; PEPCK: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; G6PC: glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit; ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/MasR): angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1–7)/mitochondrial assembly receptor; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; FOXO1: Forehead Box O1; GS: glycogen synthase; PFK-1: phosphofructokinase-1; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; PI3K/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/phosphorylated protein kinase B signalling pathway; PCK1: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1; GLUT2: glucose transporter 2; ↓: decrease; ↑: increase.