Table 3.
Effect of probiotics on intestinal microbiota and glucose metabolism in in vivo animal model studies.
| Animal Model/ Pathology |
Administered Probiotic |
Altered Intestinal Microbiota | Effect on Glucose Metabolism |
Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genera or Family | |||||
| Increase | Decrease | ||||
| T2D mouse | Lactobacillus casei LC89 |
Alloprevotella (B), Bacteroides (B), Parabacteroides (B), Ruminococcus (F) |
Lachnospiraceae _NK4A136_group (F), Odoribacter (B) Mucispirillum (D) |
Glucose tolerance improvement |
[91] |
| HFD- induced obese mouse |
Lactobacillus plantarum HT121 |
Akkermansia (V), Allobaculum (F), Lactobacillus (F), Prevotella (B), Sutterella (P) and S24-7 family (B) |
Anaerostipes (F) Anaerotruncus (F) Bilophila (P) Candidatus_Arthromitus (F) Coprococcus (F), Dorea (F), Mucispirillum (D), Oscillospira (F), Ruminococcus (F), Streptococcus (F) and families of Peptococcaceae (F), Ruminococcaceae (F) |
Glucose tolerance improvement; blood glucose decrease |
[197] |
| HFD- induced obese mouse |
Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 |
Rikenellaceae (B), Ruminococcaceae (F), Lachnospiraceae (F) |
glucose tolerance improvement |
[142] | |
| T2D mouse | Lactobacillus casei CCFM419 |
Allobaculum (F), Bacteroides (B) |
Alleviation of type 2 diabetes symptoms (insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia amelioration) |
[198] | |
| T2D mouse |
Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 |
Akkermansiaceae (V) | Dusulfovibrionaceae (P) | Reduction in glucose-mediated insulin secretion (SCFA increase) |
[103] |
| T2D mouse (db/db) | 14 composite probiotics |
Bifidobacterium (A), Lactobacillus (F), Clostridium leptum (F), Roseburia (F), Prevotella (B), |
Enterococcus faecium (F), Escherichia coli (P), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B) |
Improvement in glucose absorption |
[101] |
| T2D rat | Lactobacillus G15 and Q14 |
Clostridium leptum (F), Bacteroides (B), Prevotella (B) |
Bifidobacterium (A), Lactobacillus (F) |
Improvement in blood glucose and insulin disorders (glucose tolerance) |
[199] |
| T2D mouse |
*^Bifidobacterium adolescentis N3, *^Bifidobacterium bifidum M2, ^Bifidobacterium adolescentis 7-2, °Lactobacillus rhamnosus YC, ’Lactobacillus rhamnosus 7-1 |
* Bacteroidales S24-7 (B), ^Parabacteroides (B), °Mucispirillum (D), ’Coprococcus (F), ’Streptococcus (F) |
Glucose metabolism and insulin resistance improvement (reduction in blood glucose levels and insulin resistance, regulation of SCFAs levels) |
[77] | |
| T2D mouse |
Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS1.003 and KLDS1.0901 |
Blautia (F), Roseburia (F), Anaerotruncus (F) |
Desulfovibrio (T), Alistipes (B) Bacteroides (B) |
Glucose and lipid metabolism- related signalling route improvement of intestinal microbiota |
[110] |
| T2D rat |
Streptococcus
thermophilus |
Ruminococcaceae (F), Veillonella (F), Coprococcus (F), Barnesiella (B) |
Moderation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, HbA1c improvement) |
[84] | |
| T2D monkey |
Lactobacillus plantarum - pMG36e-GLP-1 |
Alistipes (B) | Prevotella (B) | Blood glucose reduction (increase in SCFAs) |
[200] |
| GDM pregnant rat |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 |
Lachnospiraceae (F), Dubosiella (F) |
Muribaculaceae (F), Ruminococcacea_ UCG-005 (F) |
Carbohydrate metabolism and membrane transport pathway inhibition |
[201] |
T2D: type 2 diabetes; HFD: high-fat diet; db/db: db/db mouse has a mutation of the diabetes (db) gene encoding for the ObR; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; F: Firmicutes (Bacillota); B: Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidota); V: Verrucomicrobia (Verrucomicrobiota); D: Deferribacteres (Deferribacterota); P: Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota); A: Actinobacteria (Actinomycetota); T: Thermodesulfobacteriota; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; HbA1c: glycohemoglobin; SCFA: short-chain fatty acids; *, ^, °, ’: each probiotic affects different types of bacteria according to the same symbol.