Table 3.

Application of marine-derived compounds in the synthesis of nanoparticles and encapsulation of drugs for application in the field of medicine.

Classification of Sources	Natural Pure Compounds	Types of Nanomaterial	Size	Morphology	Biological Activity	Action Mechanism	References
Algae	Fucoidan	AuNPs	~53 nm	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Reduced the generation of numerous important virulence factors Impaired bacterial motility, including twitching, swimming, and swarming	[66]
Algae	Phloroglucinol	AuNPs and ZnONPs	41.6 ± 3.9, 52.7 ± 3.8 nm	Spherical and hexagonal	Antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa virulence factors, such as rhamnolipid, pyocyanin, pyoverdine, protease, and hemolytic capabilities, were reduced. Impaired bacterial motility, including twitching, swimming, and swarming	[140]
Algae	Phycocyanin	SeNPs	165, 235, 371, 815 nm	Spherical	Antioxidant	Protected INS-1E cells against palmitic acid-induced cell death by reducing oxidative stress and signaling pathways downstream	[136]
Algae	Fucoxanthin	AgNPs	20–25 nm	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus stearothermophilus, and Streptococcus mutans	-	[141]
Algae	Phloroglucinol	Starch biopolymer	1–100 nm	Spherical	Anticancer	Adhesion and adsorption on the surfaces of cancer cells are enhanced	[130]
Algae	Phloroglucinol	CSNPs	414.0 ± 48.5 nm	Spherical	Antibiofilm activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, S. mutans, and mixed-species such as C. albicans-S. aureus/K. pneumoniae/S. mutans	The positive charge of CSNPs allows for easy biofilm penetration and binding	[139]
Algae	Usnic acid	Nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone)/decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds	3.89 ± 2.52, 4.95 ± 2.19, 5.00 ± 2.05 μm	Fusion of the fiber junctions	Antibacterial activity against Cutibactrium acnes, S. mutans, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans Antibiofilm activity against K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa Wound healing capability	Increased swelling, surface erosion, and degradation due to high release qualities Improved cellular activities, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and migration	[142]
Algae	Carrageenan	ZnONPs	97.03 ± 9.05 nm	Hexagonal wurtzite phase	Antibacterial activity against MRSA Antiinflammatory activity	Penetrated quickly through the bacterial cell membrane and had a greater bactericidal impact Inflammation enhancers such as cytokines and inflammation-assist enzymes are blocked	[65]
Bacteria	Mannose	CuONPs	108 nm	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa	Entered the cell membrane, causing lysis and cell rupture	[67]
Fungi	Asperpyrone B Asperpyrone C	AgNPs	8–30 nm	Spherical	Acetylcholine esterase inhibitory activity	Enzyme structural alterations	[143]
Fungi	α-amylase	AgNPs	22.88–26.35 nm	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, P. aeruginosa, Vibrio anguillarum, S. faecium, S. agalactiae, and Listeria spp.	Damage to cell membranes, oxidative stress, and protein and DNA damage	[68]
Animal	Chitin	AgNPs	17–49 nm	Spherical	Anticancer activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells	Increased levels of apoptosis-related proteins, such as PARP, cytochrome-c, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 Reduced expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 in HepG2 cells	[129]
Animal	Astaxanthin	AuNPs	58.2 ± 4.6 nm	Polygonal and spherical	Antioxidant	Reduced ROS and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in rice plants treated to Cd to alleviate oxidative stress	[144]
Animal	Chitosan oligosaccharide	AuNPs	56.01 ± 3.48 nm	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa	Inhibited bacterial hemolysis Reduced P. aeruginosa virulence factor synthesis Reduced bacterial swimming and twitching motilities	[69]
Animal	Thiol chitosan	AuNSs	185 ± 19 nm	Spherical	Antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus	-	[145]
Animal	Chitosan	Polypyrrole nanocomposites	55.77 ± 3.48 nm	Spherical	Antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa	P. aeruginosa hemolytic and protease activities were inhibited Reduced the production of many virulence factors, including pyocyanin, pyoverdine, and rhamnolipid	[70]