Table 5.
Host immune responses known to be regulated by African swine fever virus (ASFV).
| Immune Response | Viral Genes | Immune Elements and Mechanisms | Impact on Virulence | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type I interferon response | A276R | Dampening type I IFN response by regulating IRF3 | ND | [163] |
| Inflammatory response | A528R | Promoting the expression of ULK1 to degrade STING | Attenuated | [163] |
| MGF360-12L | Interacting with nuclear transport proteins importin α (KPNA2, KPNA3, and KPNA4) to disrupt NF-κB nuclear translocation | ND | [171] | |
| I329L | Inhibiting the crucial adaptor protein TRIF | ND | [172] | |
| DP96R | Degradation of TBK1 | Attenuated | [164] | |
| L83L | No reduction in virulence | No reduction in virulence | [167] | |
| A238L | Inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB pathway | No reduction in virulence | [161] | |
| Apoptosis | 226L, A151R, NP419L, QP383R | ND | ND | [137] |
| A179L | Bind to pro-apoptotic proteins (Bid, Bim, Bak, and Bax) to inhibit apoptosis | ND | [104] | |
| A224L | Activating NF-κB pathway to promote anti-apoptotic genes expression, e.g., IAP and Bcl-2 family proteins | No reduction in virulence | [173] | |
| EP153R | Inhibiting the expression of caspase-3 | ND | [174] | |
| E183L | Interacting with DLC8 to activate caspase-3 and caspase-9 | ND | [175] | |
| DP71L | Recruit host phosphatase 1 (PP1) and remove the phosphorylation of eIF-2α to restore cellular protein synthesis to block CHOP activation suppressing apoptosis | No reduction in virulence | [176] | |
| A238L | Inhibiting CaN to decrease apoptosis; NF-kappaB antiapoptosis: induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation | No reduction in virulence | [177] |