Table 4.

Effect of COVID-19 on carotid vascular damage.

SN	Citations	PS	ME	Comorbidities	Outcome	Vascular Damage	Imaging Modalities	Treatment
1	Alkhaibary et al. [147] (2019)	01	LBBM	NR	Large-vessel occlusion due to COVID-19 infection	COVID-19 confers a significant risk of thromboembolic disease	CT	NR
2	Mohamud et al. [144] (2020)	06	LBBM	Hypertension	The COVID-19 virus has the potential to cause the rupture of susceptible atherosclerotic plaques, which can lead to thrombosis and acute ischemic stroke.	Patients with COVID-19 infection who have usual vascular risk factors are at a higher risk of LVO as a result of ICT.	MR	NR
3	Viguier et al. [148] (2020)	28	LBBM	Diabetes	The source of stroke should be sought by cervical CTA covering from the aortic arch to the vertex; nevertheless, common carotid arteries should not be overlooked, and the requirement for COVID-19 coagulopathy therapy should be stressed.	Acute ischemic stroke.	MRI	NR
4	Jud et al. [149] (2021)	01	LBBM	NR	Cardiovascular alterations may be caused by endothelial dysfunction.	Vascular reactivity and arterial stiffness may be altered in distinct ways by SARS-CoV-2.	CT	NR
5	Doo et al. [150] (2021)	02	LBBM	Hypertension	Edema of the cortex or sub cortex as a result of a breach in the blood–brain barrier	Carotid thrombosis with large ischemic stroke	MRI	NR
6	Qureshi et al. [151] (2021)	11	LBBM	Hypertension	COVID-19 effects on carotid strength	Increasing the rate of poor outcomes among patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack.	CT	NR
7	Ojo et al. [152] (2020)	221	LBBM	CKD, CVD	The consequence is more likely to occur in individuals who are older and who have a more severe disease; nevertheless, large-vessel occlusion is increasingly being documented in younger people.	Patients in COVID-19 who had a large-vessel ischemic stroke after sub occlusive acute restriction of the common carotid artery and thrombosis	NR	NR
8	Munjral et al. [153] (2021)	NR	LBBM, OBBM	BP, Diabetes	The importance of low-cost surrogate CVD tests, such as ultrasound screening of the carotid artery, can contribute to accurate AI-based risk assessment and the monitoring of atherosclerotic disease.	Highlighted the role that poor nutrition and vascular damage induced by SAR-CoV-2 played in causing damage to the brain and heart.	US	NR
9	Villadiego et al. [154] (2021)	04	LBBM	NR	The most distinctive feature of patients with COVID-19 is that they demonstrate severe hypoxemia, with arterial levels of oxygen (O2) tension even lower than 50 mmHg, and they do so without manifesting obvious signs of distress (dyspnea) or a significant increase in the rate at which they are breathing.	Vascular damage induced by SAR-CoV-2	NR	NR
10	Crispy et al. [155] (2022)	15446	LBBM, OBBM	Diabetes, CVD	Endothelial Dysfunction results carotid alternation	Carotid Revascularization	US	NR

PS: Patient size, ME: Method of evaluation, CVD: Cardiovascular Disease, LBBM: Laboratory base biomarker, OBBM: Office base biomarkers, NR: Not reported, CT: Computer Tomography, US: Ultrasound, MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging.