Table 5.

Comparison of pulmonary, renal, carotid, and coronary artery damage due to COVID-19.

SN	COVID-19 Attributes	Pulmonary	Renal	Coronary	Carotid
1	Viral invasion	ACE2 receptors on surface of type 2 pneumocytes	ACE2 receptors on the surface of glomerular cells, tubular epithelium, and podocytes of kidneys.	Myocytes [233]	ACE2 receptors
2	Manifestations	ARDS	Acute kidney injury, acute tubular necrosis, cortical necrosis, and renal ischemia, tissue abnormalities.	Plaque variability, abnormality in blood flow, Myocardial ischemia, myocarditis, and heart failure	Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and promotes a thrombogenic environment.
3	Systemic abnormalities (i.e., DM, HTN, ARDS, CVD)	Primary	Secondary	Primary and secondary	Primary and secondary
4	Anticoagulants	May be beneficial [234].	Not beneficial [235]	Beneficial [236]	Beneficial [236]
5	Imaging Modalities	CT shows subpleural and peripheral areas “ground-glass opacities” and consolidation [236].	CT, US, and MRI	CT, US, MRI, and X-ray	CT, US, and MRI
6	AI Models	ML [237], DL [238], HDL [46]	ML [239], DL [240], HDL [241]	ML [204], DL [242], HDL [243]	ML, DL, HDL
7	Classifier Types	SVM, DT, CNN, RF	SVM, DT, CNN, NB	SVM, DT, CNN, RF	SVM, DT, CNN, RF, NB
8	Drugs commonly used in COVID-19 may induce these conditions	Remdesivir is a prodrug for its action it metabolizes to Remdesivir triphosphate	Remdesivir is a prodrug for its action it metabolizes to Remdesivir triphosphate. Both Remdesivir and its active metabolite eliminate renal (i.e., 74%). AKI with this drug may be transient. Hence it is not advised in patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 [244].	Chloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine sulphate and azithromycin usage individually or in combination may increase in QTc interval prolongation and torsades de pointes or ventricular arrhythmias [245,246].	Chloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine sulphate, and azithromycin